Mental Models and Mindsets Paper Essay Example for Free

genial Models and Mindsets Paper EssayThis work OI 361 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Mental Models and Mindsets Paper consists of the following parts1. Introduction2. Power and Limits of Models3. Testing the Relevance of the Models4. Overcoming Inhibitors5. Implementing the ModelGeneral Questions General General QuestionsWrite a 700- to 1,050-word paper establish on the organization your team selected for your Benefits and Drivers Proposal. Identify and explain how the four steps to change the mental models and mindsets can help your selected organization.Does a schedule or a routine work best for your family? A schedule is a plan set by time, while a routine is something habitual. Routines are more supple than what a schedule is. Find what will work best for your family and get started with it as soon as possible.

Rights of Accused Essay Example for Free

Rights of Accused Essay

Assessment Of The Iranian Contra Affair Politics Essay

Assessment Of The Persian Contra Affair Politics EssayThe Iran-Contra affair was a controversial political malicious gossip that destinyt with senior US figures who had been facilitating the cut-rate sales agreement of arms to Iran, that was under an arms embargo, to secure the release of the hostages and to fund the Nicaraguan anticommunist resist contras. While these two scandals were unconnected the contras would not boast been able to be funded without the cash flow that the Iranian weapons funds created. The operation began as a way to improve U.S. -Iranian relations during a time of extreme turmoil amidst the countries. The plan was to ship weapons to Israel who would in turn give them to a relatively moderate politically influential group of Iranians. Israel would in turn be resupplied and get under ones skin a payment from them. In return for the arms the Iranian recipients had promised to do everything in their power to break the 6 U.S. hostages, who were be hel d captive by the Lebanese Shia Islamist group al-Jihad. The plan eventually was broken down to a direct arms-for-hostages scheme that came to light in November of 1986 during the Reagan-Bush administration.Although November of 1986 is when the scandal came to light the origins came about seven age earlier in November of 1979 when nearly 500 Iranian students took over the American embassy taking 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. This was important beca apply it was an earmark of one of the firstly major conflicts with the country of Iran. (Historycommons.org) Then in early 1980 the Israeli government proposed a deal to brain-teaserly sell arms to Iran as a means to come on diplomatic ground and a way to get the 52 hostages released, however death chair Carter angrily declines. The Israeli government then went on with the plan by themselves secretly plying weapons to Iran shortly after. With the change in presidency from Carter to Reagan the US ge atomic number 18d up to begin the shipment of arms to Iran through Israel. This however was penal due to the Arms export act, which requires written permission from the U.S. for a nation, in this case Israel to transfer U.S. make arms to a third party. (Jonathanpollard.org)In a popular conspiracy theory, the October Surprise is said that Ronald Reagan conspired with the Islamic Republic of Iran to beat Jimmy Carter in the 1980 U.S. presidential election. The deal was apparently to have the Khomeini government apply the U.S. hostages at the U.S. embassy in Tehran until after the election, damaging Carters candidacy, afterwards Reagan would reward them with armaments. (danielpipes.org) This theory gained little notoriety due to it being relatively unbelievable until the Iran-Contra scandal came to light in 1986. After the commanding victory over President Jimmy Carter Reagan is sworn in to office and all 52 hostages are released culture the 444 days of captivity. (Danielpipes.org)The new Administration publicl y maintained a hard line against Iran, a nation with little popularity due to the hostage taking and the executing of the CIA station straits. Reagans Secretary of State, Alexander Haig, was quoted state, Let me state categorically today there will be no soldiery equipment provided to the government of Iran. However inside weeks of this statement senior officials in the administration began putting together a continuing package of secret arms sales to Iran. (jonathanpollard.org)In 1982 Vice President George H. W. Bush asked CIA Agent and national surety Council Official Donald Gregg to serve as his national security adviser and foreign policy adviser who agreed and retired from the CIA. The two worked closely with CIA agent Felix Rodriguez, who was known for the interrogation and eventual execution of revolutionary Che Guevara, to help put together a covert operation to supply the Nicaraguan Contras with money, supplies, and weapons. Rodriguez and northern youthfulr strike up a deal to divert funds and weapons to the Contras. Rodriguezs job was to set up the servicing of CIA sway planes at the propagate Base. ulterior on that year in December the first Boland Amendment restricted government support for Contras the bill restricted US humanitarian aid to the Contras, and prohibited the use of U.S. funds for the purpose of overthrowing the government of Nicaragua. However the administration managed to get around the first of the three Boland Amendments by saying their help was only designed to cast the group in charge, the Sandinistas to come to a peace agreement with the anticommunist Contras, and not to entirely bring the Nicaraguan government down. (spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk) March 17, 1983 the three had a secret meeting in the vacuous House, which resulted in the depicted object Security Council establishing a secret scheme to provide aid to the Contras. Rodriguez was placed in charge of the supply depot and placed at Llopango Air Base in El Sal vador. In October of 1985 Congress modified the Boland Amendment by approving to send $27 one thousand thousand in non-lethal aid. (historycommons.org) As a result of this Reagan creates the Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office, or the NHAO in the State Department for the purpose of administering the money to the Contras. In the first of the NHAO organizations meetings Oliver North offered the services of Rodriguez to assist in distributing the $27 million in humanitarian aid meant for the Contras. Through the Air Base in Llopango the legal NHAO and the culpable North fund distribution merge into one secret group. In 1984 Reagan publicly claimed to end aid to the Contras in accordance with the Boland Amendments. However men in his administration continue to support them. Late in 1985 Assistant Secretary of State Elliott Abrams joined the National Security Council and then joined Oliver North and Alan Fliers as the principal members of the Restricted Interagency Group (RIG), wh ich worked on Central American Affairs for the Reagan Administration. Abrams, a giant supporter of the anticommunists in Nicaragua became conscious of Norths plans to divert Congresss approved 27 million dollars directly to the Contras despite being prohibited to do so. In effect Abrams became directly involved with in the illegal procedures to help the Nicaraguan rebel forces. Unaware of the illegal weapons exchange Congress approved an other(a) 100 million dollars for war machine and non-arms aid to the Contras. (Historycommons.org)In the month of August in 1983 the ultraconservative talk show host Barbara Studley established GeoMiliTech (GMT) Consultants Corporation. After the start of the company a large number of right-wing, high be American and Israeli military officials became associated with the company, which had offices in both Washington D.C. and Tel Aviv. The Company began selling arms to Iran through Israel and North Korea. According to several authorities the mot ives for Israel are clear, which were to have the Iran-Iraq war go on as long as possible and to be as destructive as physically possible, however the motive for the U.S. is much less clear. some(prenominal) believe that the founding of GMT was the stem of the arms dealing to Iran by the U.S.. Later in the year the American government started Operation Staunch which asked other countries not to sell arms to Iran in hopes that it would bring peace talks in the Iran-Iraq war. In January of 1984 Iran was officially named a state sponsor of international terrorism, because of the large number of militant actions Hezbollah had been committing throughout the Middle East and Europe, a label that has not been lifted to date.In early March 1984 CIA Station Chief in Beirut, William Buckley, was kidnapped by the Muslim organization Islamic Jihad. Buckley would die in 1985 after 15 months of captivity. Buckleys kidnapping along with at least five others was a cited reason for the arms dealing to Iran, which spurred such controversy. (Historycommons.org) On May 8, 1984 the American reverend gum benzoin Weir became the first in a string of kidnappings by Hezbollah in Beirut. He was held captive until September 1985, allegedly only being released due to the Israeli arms sales to Iran during the same year. In August of 1984 the National Security Advisor McFarlane asks the United States government to reconsider Iran as a sponsor for terrorism, but is denied. In December Peter Kilburn, a professor at the American University of Beirut became the bet on victim of kidnapping by Hezbollah militants, later to be murdered in 1986 for the US military strikes against Libya. In January of 1985 the second American pastor, Friar Lawrence Jenco, was kidnapped by the Hezbollah and would not be freed until July of 1986. The militant group Hezbollah kidnapped three more men in 1985, including reporter terrycloth Anderson, hospital administrator David Jacobsen, and an employee of Beiruts American University Thomas Sutherland, all of the men would eventually be released. Anderson was held hostage for seven years, which was considerably yearlong than any other American captive, and was released in 1991 due to the end of the civil war in Lebanon. (Nytimes.com)On June 11, 1985 the pro-Iran and pro-Iraq factions inside the White House met a boiling point when Robert McFarlanes National Security Council staff drafts the presidential directive supporting America fortune Iran obtain weapons, whereas the opposing side headed by Secretary of State George Shultz and disaffirmation Secretary Caspar Weinberger remarked that the directive was almost too absurd to comment on However the arms-for-hostage deal went on as planned even with the strong objections by Shultz and Weinberger. After the Iranian sponsored Hezbollah kidnapped two more Americans, Reagan makes the statement that Iran is in a confederation of terrorist states a new, international version of Murder Incorporate d. And also went on record as saying, America will never make concessions to terrorists. Although privately authorizing his National Security Advisor, McFarlane, to make contact with Iran. McFarlanes plan was to win influence in Iran by helping it win in its war with Iraq. Reagan believed that the improvement in relations would help in the release of American hostages held in Lebanon by the Iran backed Hezbollah. (Nytimes.com) In July of 1985 Israeli representatives met with Iranian arms merchant Manucher Ghorbanifar for the first time to discuss brokering the United States-Iranian arms deal authorized by President Reagan, during this meeting the plan to have Israel sell arms to Iran while having America replenish Israeli stockpiles on weapons. (pbs.org) On August 6, 1985 Reagan hosted a meeting in the White House having to do with the arms-for-hostage deal with Iran, and is allegedly told by McFarlane that the Iranians will see to it that the Hezbollah in return for U.S. and Israel i arms will release four American hostages. Later that year in August Israel sent 96 TOW anti-tank missiles to Iran, however no hostages were released. In September, the now ex-National Security Advisor McFarlane takes twenty-three tons of weapons to Iran. (pbs.org) In September America had its first success in the arms-for-hostages arrangement, where Israel sold 500 U.S.-made TOW anti-tank missiles to Iran. As a result of the sale Iran released American hostage Benjamin Weir after over a year of captivity. In November of 1985 the CIA sent 18 Hawk anti-aircraft missiles on a CIA fronted plane to Iran by way of Israel only to have the Iranians reject the missiles because they did not meet their requirements after test firing. After the transfer of weapons the deputy director of the CIA, tush McMahon, reportedly said that the agency could no longer provide covert assistance to Iran without written permission by president Reagan himself. Not even a month later Reagan agrees and author izes the sale of missiles from that point on as well as retroactively. However that document was destroyed nearly a year later. (Nytimes.com) A day after the president signed the arms-for-hostages deal the pro-Iraq defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger warned Reagan that There was no way in which this kind of transfer could be made if that particular act governed. However the president matt-up that the American public could not forgive him if he were not able to save the American hostages lives due to legality. (Jonathanpollard.org)Oliver North, the National Security Council, or NSC staffer who handled the Iran-Contra relations told the Israeli Defense Ministry officials that he would use the profits from any future arms sales to Iran to directly fund the anti-communist freedom fighters Contras. In early 1986 North set up a network that illegally diverted funds from the Iranian arms sale to the Nicaraguan Contras by using the Bank of opinion and Commerce International, or the BCCI to channel the money to the Contras. The arms money from Iran was sent from the White House controlled sexual conquest to Saudi Arabia to hide the origins and then deposited into the BCCI bank account controlled by the Nicaraguan rebel leader Adolfo Calero. In January of 1986 several White House officials met including Vice President George H. W. Bush, President Ronald Reagan, Secretary of State George Shultz, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, and CIA Director William Casey to discuss whether or not the U.S. should continue on with the arms-for-hostages transaction with Iran. Weinberger and Shultz are as they have been from the very beginning against any and all transaction with the terrorist state of Iran. Bush did not express an opinion either way, however later that month President Reagan will sign the authorization needed for the U.S. to free Israel to sell 4,000 U.S.-made antitank missiles. According to several White House officials both the President and Vice president believed, that supporting Iran thwarts Soviet plans for Middle East domination, and by his own personal sorrow over the plight of the hostages. With the 1986 elections coming up however there were plenty of political reasons to continue with the arms dealings in hope that the hostages would be released before the November elections. Many of the chief facilitators admitted to the political concerns, saying that they had to meet a deadline on releasing the hostages. The U.S. actually tried to make an ultimatum saying that all hostages would have to be released in order to receive the antitank missiles, however Iran refused which caused a deadlock, which lasted for nearly a month. (Jonathanpollard.org) When the deadlock ended in late February the U.S. sent between 1500-2000 TOW antitank missiles to Israel who in turn sent them to Iran. At this time Oliver North diverted $12 million in money from the arms sale in Iran to the Nicaraguan Contra leader by way of the BCCI. At this time Gen e Wheaton, a co-owner to a cargo airline, National Air, was being enlisted by North to help fly in supplies and arms to the Contras. Wheaton tentatively agreed until he became informed that the retired General Richard Secord would be involved in the affair. Wheaton had a personal dispute with Secord over a government contract dealing with humanitarian aid to insurgents such as Mujaheddin of Afghanistan and the Nicaraguan Contras. With Secord in the picture Wheaton refused to go along with the plan and actually went to William Casey, head of the CIA. However, Casey does little to nothing over the issue saying that it was not of government concern. Wheaton then notified several reporters of the San Francisco Examiner of the dealings.In mid-September of 1986 the U.S. was planning on forcing Iran to trade hostages for arms. The plan seemed to work until the Lebanese militant Hezbollah group controlled by Iran simply kidnapped more Americans after the release of other hostages. In Octobe r the U.S. puts pressure on Iraq to increase bombings in Iran to create a greater need of military assistance by America. This plan began to work when Iraq in fact increased the bombings but the arms-for-hostages dealing was exposed in a Lebanese newspaper as well as some U.S. papers. With the public aware of the potentially criminal acts committed by the Reagan administration support for any more weapons dealings collapses. After the information was leaked most of the pro-Iranian faction inside the White House left office leaving a large pro-Iraqi side which would remain in power until Reagans term was over. In the last months of the administration U.S. military and economic aid for Iraq met an all-time high even giving Iraq the technology for long-range ballistic missile, chemical weapons, and even nuclear weapons. (Jonathanpollard.org)On October 5, 1986 a CIA transport plane carrying weapons and supplies for the Contras was shot down by the Sandinista, which brought the U.S. conn ection to the Contras to light. The Nicaraguan Sandinistas exposed the United States after interrogating the sole survivor of the plane crash, Eugene Hasenfus, who said that he had made ten other deliveries to Nicaragua including six from Llopango. (Nytimes.com) All government officials at that time lied about any involvement in the illegal support of the Contras. both(prenominal) the story of the arms-for-hostages deal in the Lebanese paper and the CIA transport plane being shot down exposed the dirty dealings the Reagan administration had been committing beginning the Iran-Contra scandal. In Reagans address to the nation speech he denied the allegations of any arms sales to Iran, however he does admit to honorable involvement, such as to regenerate relations with that nation, to bring an end to the Iran-Iraq war, to eliminate Irans sponsorship of terrorism, and to effect the release of the US hostages being imprisoned by Hezbollah. (reagan.utexas.edu) Later when the facts came to light Reagan and several other senior officials stated that all of the Iranian negotiations were on a strict need to know basis, and that the appropriate Congressmen were notified and informed properly. (reagan.utexas.edu) However an investigation was done on the dealings but a large amount of information was destroyed, and many stated that Attorney General Edwin Meese, who was in charge of the investigation, was not interested in determination the facts since he refused help from the FBI and did not take notes in his interviews. Oliver North, whom many believe as the mastermind of the operation held several shredding parties at that time to destroy thousands of documents that would possible implicate White House officials in criminal acts. The Iran-Contra investigation later faulted Meese for not using standard investigating techniques. However Meese finds a document that verifies the $12 million that was diverted from the arms dealings in Iran to the Contras in Oliver Norths de sk. Meese notified Reagan about the diversion of funds, and tells several senior officials about the acts. Reagan realized that he could actually be impeached on the grounds that they broke the Boland Amendment, but Meese allegedly created a case for deniability for the president. In late November Meese revealed the Iran-Contra funding connection, Oliver North is immediately fired, while other officials are forced to resign. In December Reagan appointed former Texas Senator John Tower to head a commission to investigate the Iran-Contra affair. The investigation lasted for three months. In January of 1987 Reagan admitted to authorizing the sale of missiles to Iran in front of the Tower Commission. A day before the head of the CIA, William Casey, is set to testify before the Senate on the affair he has two seizures and is hospitalized, later dying of brain cancer making him unable to testify. The Tower Commission found that the Iran-Contra affair was a rogue operation and that Reagan himself was largely unaware of the dealings. The legal age report cam out in November of 1987 stating that the clandestine financing operation undermined the powers of Congress as a coequal branch and subverted the Constitution. Although no major reforms would come as a result of the majority report. Four men were indicted on multiple felony charges as a result of it including former National Security Advisor John Poindexter, Oliver North, Richard Secord, and Albert Hakim. North and Poindexter are both convicted and sentenced to jail time, however both convictions are overturned.In the end no high-ranking public official was found sinful of anything more than perjuring themselves in front of Congress, however the Iran-Contra scandal tarnished the reputation of many. This scandal seems to disprove that justice is indeed blind in this country, since many high ranking officials with even more powerful allies were guilty of committing serious crimes but were never punished because of who they knew. I feel that this is an incident that should be remembered for many years, and hopefully it will never be repeated.

Studying The STOF Business Model Domains Information Technology Essay

Studying The STOF Business Model orbital cavitys Information Technology EssaySTOF Model This framework for business model focuses on guest look on creation, the arrangements required from the organisational, financial and technological point of view, for creating a youthful gain. These four dimensions address how value is delivered to the customer and in addition how the serve well provider brook gain value from the service offered.The four dimension of the framework are service mankind, technology public, organisational domain and finance domain. In the following sections, these dimensions impart be explored in detail.STOF Business Model DomainsSince it is essential that the service offered by the firm should meet the demands of the customer, the bracing service definition is used as the central seed for all other domains. In customers viewpoint the technology is an enabler of the service, from the firms perspective it is the driver. Organisational domain describes how the resources in the firm will made available and used. Financial domain, stress on the pricing model, investment and other cost base risks involved in providing the service.Service DomainCritical advantage Factor and Critical Design Issues for customer ValueChapter 3A successful business model should balance the value created for the customer to that for the service provider. To achieve this thither should a balance betwixt the different domains of the business model. A critical design issue is variable which is of importance for the feasibility and sustainability of the business model. Understanding of critical design issues (CDI) and its linkages is critical for plan balanced business model.Service domain requirements guide the choice of technology to be used for the service preservation. Furthermore, it affects the organisational and financial domain.Critical Design Issues in pattern Business ModelFor each business model domain, we identify the respective CDIs. The ackno wledgement of different CDIs is based on the literature review. In case of service domain the CDIs are target customers, value creating atoms and customer retention.Target customers Service requirements and the customer need are different for each target assort. The target group definition, whether it is B2C or B2B is necessary. And it is therefore fundamental to have a clear segmentation of the customers to address respective value proposition.Value creating elements To provide a compelling value proposition to the targeted customers, factors like relevance, ease of availability, accuracy, quality and trust are critical. It is therefore, the core service offering as well as support service being offered to the customer.Branding (removed in the diagram) To get a better recognition for the new service , brand image is essential. It quite a little in addition increase the trust and sensory faculty of the service being offered.Customer Retention It defines the fashions to keep the customer loyal and satisfied. It is besides need to develop recurrent use of the service by the customer.Critical design issues for Technology domainFactors like security, integration of the existing system and accessibility are key design criteria for the technology domain.Security The way information is stored in the technical architecture and how the access is granted to the customer is essential to avoid security breaches. The trade off in the midst of ease of accessibility and data privacy should be addressed to reduce the risk of improper use of the services.Quality of Service The ability to provide different priority to insist a certain level of performance based on the users, context and importance. The incurred cost in the technological infrastructure should be balanced with that of the quality of service. It can also be argued that the technological architecture or infrastructure influences the technical functionality, which in turn affects the customers perceived value of the service.System Integration The extent to which the new service offering can be integrated with that of the existing ones determines the adaptation of the service. Cost and flexibility of the new technology affects the system integration. In the case of ICT , firms with blossom out standards bring down the level of integration required in the technical side.Accessibility There two factors which affect the accessibility of a service by the customer, first preference of service platforms and second the architecture. If there is a disagreeable or controlled environment, it can make way to a restricted access to a particular group of customers. This also increases the security at technology level.Critical Design Issue at Organisational DomainPartner Selection This design measuring is based on the strategic concern that the firm has, based on it suitable first mates can be chosen. It is also vital, to get hold of the required resources and capabilities by the firm.Openne ss of Network It is the extent to which new business can link to the value lucre. There can be two scenarios, first a closed network and second an open network. The closed network is mostly used to create higher quality of service and new partners are chosen by certain set of rules. Open network, gives an opportunity to deliver services to a wider audience than the closed network.Network Goernance Establishment of set rules by which the partner businesses should operate and can be monitored. This is usually done by the most dominant actor in the value network. Access to the end-users is the key determinant of an actors dominant role in the collaboration.Network Complexity The number of affinityships that has to be maintained with other businesses in providing the services act as the determinant of the network complexness. If the complexity is reduced , or in other words, less number relations increases the security and quality of service.Critical Design Issue in the Finance Doma inPricing Pricing of the service plays an critical role in the service adaptation and its use. The perceived value by the customer should be greater than or at least equal to the delivered value by the service provider. The pricing strategy should address whether the firm is aiming for maximizing the market share or maximising the profitability from delivering the service.Risk and Investment The uncertainty about return on investment is the fundamental risk involved in developing and delivering a new service to the market. A division of investment and risk among the actors can reduce the degree of impact to the actors involved.Cost and Revenue The division of cost and revenue between the businesses is not the same in all cases, it differ from case to case. For instance, the service provider can share the revenue with the other actors in the service delivery or it can be based on the subscription fee. The revenue sharing is based on the underlying business logic either value based or on cost basis. The division of cost and revenue depends on the division of risk and investment also.The CDIs play a significant role in the process of creating value to the customer as well as to the service provider therefore it act as the starting point. The next step is the identification of Critical Success Factors (CSFs). A minimum group of areas in which satisfactory outcome is required to make certain that the business model generates value for some(prenominal) the service provider and to the customer is called the Critical Success Factor(Rockart and Bullen ,1981). Then the linkage between CDI and CSF , will aid for generating a feasible business model.Critical Success Factor and Critical Design Issues for Network ValueCritical Success Factors (CSF) For creating value to the customer Compelling value proposition It is related to value creating element CDIs in the service domain and it is a critical criterion for creating value to the customer. Value proposition is the overa ll benefits that are delivered to the customer by the service provider. Bouwan et al (2008) argues that the value proposition should be based on the customer needs and requirements and not to be based on the technological possibilities. Customers perspective of value also depends on the pricing (CDI) of the service. Similarly, Kotler (2000) points out that brand (CDI) influences the customer perspective of value proposition.Defined target customer The CDI targeting is related to this CSF. Defined target customer will help the firm to focus on the targeted customers, as the customer needs are different for different customer group. The assumed customer needs by the service provider can be nullified by segmenting the customer base (Kotler, 2000). Accessibility CDI of technology domain also affects this CSF.Customer Retention Customised or personalised service delivery to the customers will help retain the customer, mainly influenced by customer loyalty and customer experience. The unc onstructive occurrence in service can affect the experience and frustrate the customer(Strauss, Schmidt, Schoeler, 2005).Quality of Service Grnroos, 1994 suggests that the quality of service output and service process are equally important. CDIs from technology domain are closely related to QoS.CDIs in the technology domain demands an adequate level of quality, since the service being delivered is technology based. Security and system integrationTo summate a high score in these CSFs will grantee that the service being provided will meet the customer expectations and create value to the customer.CSF for creating value to the networkThe actors in the value network will cooperate for generating value on mutual interest and also compete for value on individual interest (Brandenburg Nalebuff, 1996). Another framework, Porters five forces model stress on competition between the actors (Porter, 1980). For creating value in the network, balance between financial and organisational domain is critical, mover over it should be acceptable by the collaborating actors.Profitability There should be a acceptable profit for the firms, according to the division of cost and revenue (CDI). Other domain issues like customer group and pricing will affect the profitability.Risk An agreeable division of risk among the participating actors should result from the division of investment CDI. Since, there is a high uncertainty of service acceptance and due to the investment in IT infrastructure.Network Strategy This CSF is required to effectively manage the different relation in the value network, from the organisation domain perspective. Division of roles and Network Governance CDIs is directly related to the network strategy. Partner selection and network complexity is also interlinked with this CSF.To summarise a high score on these CSFs will create benefit for the firms that are involved in the service. Organisational CDIs help in allocation resources and capabilities, similarly th e CDIs in finance domain is instrumental in directing to a profitable service.

Enhancing Quality of Palmyrah (Borrasus Flabellifer) Jaggery

Enhancing Quality of Palmyrah (Borrasus Flabellifer) JaggerySTANDARDIZE AND ENHANCE THE QUALITY OF PALMYRAH(Borrasus Flabellifer) JAGGERYS. Mary, K. Velauthamurty, S. Srivijeindran, G.SashikeshPalmyrah (borrasus flabellifer) Jaggery is one of the ancient unusedening agent known to reality and is an integral part of traditional diet in many parts of Sri Lanka. Jaggery is produced by concentrating the Inflorescence use up of Palmyrah address (Sweet Toddy) to a thick consistency. The product has mellifluous in taste and golden yellow in colour. However existing jaggery available in the market is inferior in its shade as liquefaction and deterioration of color. It shows poor keeping qualities due to the carriage of wet. Through this research attention to be made to eradicate its hydroscopic nature in the existing jaggery to upgrade it. Optimization of lovesome lime (CaO) and pH of sweet toddy to produce jaggery are to be carried come out of the closet. In the period of may to June different areas in Jaffna peninsula four battlefield trials were carried out to collect blackjack oak by victimisation right away lime with above 95% purity produced at Palmyrah Research Institute. Physical and chemical mistreat characteristics of produced jaggery in laboratory and commercial samples were studied according to comply with Sri Lankan standards for jaggery. Quality of jaggery was enhanced using proper technology and sweet gull with acceptable lime with higher degree of purity. For suitable jaggery production, 2.508 0.411 grams of lime (96 % purity) per one liter of sweet sap was optimized and this jaggery was scored high score than jaggery from other field trials.Key words Palmyrah (Borrasus flabellifer) Jaggery, quick lime and sweet sapIntroductionJaggery patience is one of the ancient and large cottage industries in palmyrah society. The product normally made in household level has bitter taste due to the presence of excessiveness number of lime wit h low purity. As sugars are known to be hygroscopic it is possible for melting of jaggery (Molasses) due to presence of excess wet in the environment and other moisture absorbing impurities from quick lime and triple super phosphate for deliming the quick lime and minor unlawful practices in processing. Even if the carry for jaggery according to their food based applications is continuously growing in the rural, urban and semi-urban markets palmyrah jaggery cannot be marketed whole of the year, government agency up to next season. Because sweet toddy production is seasonal and produced jaggery shows poor keeping qualities. Quick lime used in the preparation of jaggery is generally obtained from furnacing oysters (mostly sea shell in Jaffna) using coconut husk charcoal and the temperature is not up to the optimum level to produce pure lime. thereof there is a high possible for adulteration by impurities presence in quick lime. Traditionally lime used to prevent the fermentation o f sweet sap, is produced mainly from sea shell and hardly from oysters. But no studies were yet carried out on the composition and purity of quick lime used in local production. Another major issue is the local tappers are using excess amount lime which present in sweet toddy. Availability of quick lime at higher degree of purity will ensure the maintenance of extreme alkaline pH of the sweet toddy with minimum amount of it.When tappers bring limed sweet sap to the production unit at different time periods few of them get fermented and it is also used for the production. This issue leads to the poor quality of jaggery. harmonise to these basic principles this research is proposed for improving and standardizing the quality of palm jaggery. This project will upgrade the quality of palm jaggery and increase the market demand for palmyrah jaggery.Materials and MethodsMatured and healthy female palmyah palms were labeled near to jaggery producing areas of Jaffna peninsula in the period of May to June. From this palm, well prepared and healthy inflorescence were identified for sap collection and the sap was collected in earthen pots, which was kept under hygienic condition. Selected inflorescences were tapped in the evening between 5 to 6 p.m to ooze out sweet sap. Before attaching sap collecting pots with inflorescence according to tappers experience day before experiment day with the inflorescence underwent experiment, known amount of quick lime with 96 % purity was applied to take fermentation. Four field trials were carried out. Fresh sap exudation was collected at morning between 7 to 8 a.m. The pH of the sweet sap in each pot was measured by pH meter2 and brix was measured by hand refractometer. Collected sweet sap in separate cans was brought to laboratory in aseptic, sterile and dark condition. Within one hour whole samples were pooled and pH of pooled sap was measured. Jaggery was produced and jammed in polyethyene packets. Sensory evaluation of produce d jaggery was carried out to select best samples on the basis of sensory attributes. The colour, odor, appearance, flavor and texture were evaluated by 12 untrained persons. The total acceptability of the samples was evaluated using five point hedonic scale subjectively. Collected data were statistically analyzed using the MINITAB statistical analysis sheaf according to the Freedman nonparametric test at 5 % level of significance.Results and DiscussionDifferent field visits were conduct to optimize lime for the processing of palm jaggery and all the summarized results were recorded in the table 01. In field visit 1 (T1), field visit 2 (T2), field visit 3 (T3) and field visit 4 (T4) amount of applied quick lime were 4.668 0.847 g/L, 3.188 0.242 g/L, 2.508 0.411 g/L and 2.051 0.833 g/L and pH of them were 11.51, 10.62, 9.43 and 8.23 respectively. According to Sri Lankan Standard1 fresh jaggery samples from T1, T2 and T3 field visits at the time of packaging moisture content of a ll was below 10 %. Sweet sap samples with pH between 7 and 8 quickly changed into acidic medium with time and this indicates the microbial activity is present considerably. Jaggery from field visits 4 shows melting property and moisture content was below 12.5 %. It was identified that fermented sweet sap also course melting of jaggery. Therefore pH of sweet sap needs to be maintained above pH 9 in large scale application. For the suitable jaggery production without deliming step 2.508 0.411 grams of lime (96 % purity) per one liter of sweet sap was optimized.Table 01 Summary of all field visitsSensory evaluationSensory data obtained through the five point hedonic evaluating test, revealed that there were significance disagreement in colour (p = 0.012), appearance (p = 0.003) and texture (p = 0.001) characteristic among the jaggery samples produced in the laboratory. However there were no significant difference in flaver (p = 0.296) and mouth aroma (p = 0.145) among the samples. The sample code 115 gained the highest sum of the rank for the colour, appearance, and texture. Therefore code 115 sample was selected as best sample Produced jaggery in laboratory scale from all the field visits, according to the sensory evaluation quality of colour, texture and appearance were increased with decreasing pH. Produced jaggery sample from each field trials were in the figure 01.Table 02 sensory attributes of the jaggeryFigure 01 Jaggery samples from four field visits (codes 175, 101, 115 and 142 were jaggery samples from first, second, third and fourth field visits respectively.) finishPalmyrah jaggery would be a most popular sweetener in Srilanka. However it shows poor physico-chemical qualities. On the basis of facts jaggery can be produced without deliming step from fresh, unfermented and filtered sweet sap of palmyrah palm. Sweet sap should be maintain in pH 9 by using purified quick lime to arrest fermentation and it can be useful to get quality improved jaggery as high consumer acceptance in market.ReferencesSLS 512 1981-Specification for jaggery moisture content. Pp. 23Mandal D, Tudu S, Mitra SR, De GC (2006). Effect of common packaging materials on keeping quality of sugarcane jaggery during monsoon season. Sugar Tech., 8(2/3) 137-142.

Costa Rica and the CBD :: Government Essays

rib Rica and the CBDIntroductionrib Rica has been well ahead of other ontogeny countries with its environmental policies. Its involvement with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was in part due to the fact that the country had already been complying with many of the stipulations the convention rank forward. In order to understand rib Ricas environmental leadership one must archetypical understand the history of the CBD and of Costa Ricas environmental policies, and the implications the CBD has had on Costa Rica . It is also important to discuss the increasing role of non-governmental organizations within Costa Rica for changing and creating environmental policy. Even though Costa Rica had advanced environmental policies ahead the creation of the CBD, the CBD has been important in jumpstarting more international relations between Costa Rica and other countries as well as with other international organizations. Costa Rica worked with international organizations befor e the ratification of the CBD, but they were more prevalent after the conference.Background to the CBDIn 1992 the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One of the most important outcomes of Earth Summit was the creation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the enactment of the convention one year later. The CBD was the first global agreement for the preservation and the sustainable use of biological diversity. It identifies a set of problems, goals and policies that are common to states worldwide. Its three main goals are to ensure the conservation of biodiversity to require the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity and to share the benefits from the commercial utilization of genetic resources in a fair way (Text of CBD). These goals were not new for Costa Rica. It is very important to consider the needs of developing countries when drafting international legislation regarding biological diversity beca use most of the worlds biological diversity is found in developing countries. A reason for the creation of the CBD was the global demand to protect biodiversity and one its provisions is that states have a sovereign right over biodiversity resources. some(prenominal) of these factors are important when looking at where environmental policy is today because many developed countries who are not home to a significant add of biodiversity are still concerned with it and that is why they want to impose regulations on the maintenance of biodiversity in other countries.

Etiquette At Work Essay -- Etiquette in the Workplace

For most of us these days, having to prevail is not an option, but a necessity. Struggling to maintain a job and a family bay window be demanding and stressful. While dealing with everyday chores at home, dinner, homework and other responsibilities, some people think that being at work is like having a break. On the other hand, for a single person, work may be the only social life they have. While utilise the workplace as an outlet to get away from it all or as a place to socialize, it is important to be aware of actions at work that might annoy your co-workers.One of these actions is talking about your personal life at every opportunity. Showing pictures of your children, bragging about how smart and talented they are, boastful a step by step account of what your baby did that was cute, or why your child is the best soccer player on the team can get monotonous after so long. While there is nothing wrong with being proud of your children and family, the workplace is not the time to dwell on them. The same goes for any other personal event that may be happening in your life. While these occ...