The Battle of Kursk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Battle of Kursk - Essay Example The operations of this battle will also be considered, from its main operations on the German and the Russian side to the tactical operations carried out by the battling parties. The counterattacks involved will be detailed. The final outcome of the battle, including an analysis of the battle results will also be specified in this paper. These points shall serve as important details in further understanding this battle and its place in our global history. Body Background of the attack The Battle of Stalingrad spanning 1942-1943 was won by USSR. It was a battle which cost the German army dearly with the entire German Sixth Army killed during the battle. This seriously compromised the armed forces of the Axis powers which were being battered from all directions by the Allied troops. During the Battle of Stalingrad, Germany’s position in southern Russia gradually became vulnerable and as their Sixth Army became trapped by the advancing Russian troops, a huge gap in the German defenses was exposed (Mulligan, 1987). Other Soviet forces were eventually able to get through these defenses and as a result posed a threat to the Army Group A in Caucasus. The German Field Marshall Erich von Manstein was forced to resort to extreme measures to secure their stronghold in the war (Dunn, 1997). Various additional divisions for the war were established by pulling troops from non-threatened areas; even non-combat personnel were called into military service (Mulligan, 1987). Tanks in workshops were also commissioned into service. ... Various additional divisions for the war were established by pulling troops from non-threatened areas; even non-combat personnel were called into military service (Mulligan, 1987). Tanks in workshops were also commissioned into service. Eventually, the SS Panzer Corps arrived in Stalingrad, other units from the 11th Panzer Division and the 6th and 7th Panzer Divisions arrived and reinforced German armors (Restayn and Moller, 2002). These troops and equipment were set to launch a pincer-style attack against the Russian forces which was led by Armored Group Popov. This attack created a front line from Leningrad in the North to Rostov in the South. Right at the very middle of this line was a 200 kilometer area covered by the Soviets (Glantz, et.al., 1999). This was centered in the town of Kursk, between the German lines near Orel in the North and Belgorod in the South. With the entry of spring, both sides were forced by muddy fighting conditions to settle down and construct their plans for advancement (Glantz, et.al., 1999). German commander Manstein was of the initial belief that the best strategy for Germany would be to assume a defensive strategy using its panzer divisions to counter the Russian forces (Dunn, 1997). He also believed that the Russian army would concentrate its military advance against the Army Group South. He also suggested that their left flank be kept strong while they were retreating to their right on the Dneiper River (Glantz, 1990). He then suggested that a major military attack to the flank of the Russian army advance could follow. His suggestion was not favored by Hitler who was adamant against giving up any of the territory it was already controlling (Manstein, 2000). The German High Command (OKH) led by Colonel General

Jones Electrical Essay Example for Free

Jones Electrical Essay Jones Electrical Distribution is a small company involved in wholesales of electrical devices and appliances. Even though Jones Electrical has been able to turn a profit over the past few years, they have noticed a shortage of cash when attempting to take advantage of trade discounts. Their current bank is unable to extend financing over $250,000, and Jones believes they will need considerably more to finance their operations. Therefore, Nelson Jones has decided to search for additional debt financing by discussing his options with a larger regional bank. Jones Electrical Distribution has been able to compete on the basis of competitive pricing, effective inventory management, and aggressive sales force. But even though the company seems to be operating successfully, its ineffective collections policy has drained the company’s cash leaving it in dire need of additional financing. In order to afford to continue taking advantage of trade discounts Jones Electrical Distribution needs to tighten its cash collection procedures. Another course of action is to take out a bank loan for $350,000 to finance his operations, which is the main conflict Nelson Jones is facing. The increase in accounts receivable and inventory in 2005 and 2006 were caused by the sales growth of $2.24 million in 2006. The effective annual rate of interest, if Jones pays on the due date rather than on the 10 day discount, is 27.24%. The $350,000 should be sufficient for 2007. Jones could reduce that by buying securities and other outside funding. Jones will have to cut spending without having to cut sales with his new larger line of credit.

Occupational Safety And Health Management System Construction Essay

Occupational Safety And Health Management System Construction Essay OSH Management system standard has been widely used as an approach and strategy towards improving the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards at the workplace. As a Safety Officer , I have been instructed by my organization to get the OHSAS 18001:2007 certification within a year. There were some reasons that forced the Board of Directors took this step. I believe the reasons can be considered by other companies, which are willing to adopt it  as their OSH management systems. OHSAS 18001:2007   is occupational health and safety management standard. It defines a set of  occupational health and safety  (OHS) management requirements for  occupational health and safety management  systems (OHSMS). This new OHSAS 18001 2007 standard was officially published during July  of 2007. It cancels and replaces OHSAS 18001 1999.The purpose of OHSAS 18001:2007 is to help organizations to manage and  control their OHS risks and to improve their OHS performance.They can achieve this purpose by developing an OHSMS that complies with OHSAS 18001:2007. An  OHSMS  is a network of interrelated elements. These elements include  responsibilities, authorities, relationships, functions, activities, processes, practices, procedures, and resources. These elements are used to establish OHS policies, plans, programs, and objectives. Simply by meeting all of the OHSAS 18001:2007 requirements (Part 4), you will automatically establish an integrated OHSMS for your organization. How we meet  each  of the OHSAS 18001:2007 requirements, and to what extent, depends  on many factors, including: The size of the organization The location of the organization The nature of the organizations culture The nature of the organizations activities The nature of the organizations legal obligations The nature and scope of the organizations OHSMS The content of the organizations OHS policy The nature of the organizations OHS hazards The nature of the organizations OHS risks Here are the reasons why implementing OHSAS 18001:2007 would give companies more value and benefits. Meeting customers requirements, especially the customers which have been implementing OHSAS 18001 Attract more companies to deal with the company. Fulfill stakeholders satisfaction Ensure the company to meet legal and regulations on occupational safety and health. Improve the quality of workplaces Improve companys health and  safety performance Prevent company to pay unnecessary expenditures Enhance companys  image and companys commitment to  continuous improvement  on health and  safety matter in the workplace Company Background PENWIN Group is engaged in construction and investment holding activities. It operates in three segments: construction, which is engaged in construction activities; property development, which is engaged in development of land into vacant lots, residential, commercial and/or industrial buildings; manufacturing and quarrying, which is engaged in production and sale of concrete products and quarrying activities. Element 4.2 : OHS Policy HSE Management System PENWIN GROUP HSE Management System (HSEMS) is an integrated system certified by OHSAS 18001:1999, ISO 14001:2004 and MS 1722:Part 1:2005 standards. Committed to the set HSE objectives, the Group has systematically implemented, monitoredand measured significant HSE management elements translated into the Group HSEMS Manual, Procedures and Workplaces Plans; these include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pro-active management of OHS Risks and Environmental Impacts by identification of hazards, assessment of risks and impacts, and determination of risks and impacts control measures during the project activities planning stage; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuous identification and compliance evaluation of relevant HSE Legislations; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training and competency needs identification and provision for the Groups employees based on specific roles and responsibilities towards HSE; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Effective platforms for consultation and communication of HSE issues by active participation from various levels and functions; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determination of operational control measures to eliminate or reduce OHS risks and environmental impacts by establishment of HSE Standard Operating Procedures and Criteria; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pro-active planning for emergency readiness and responses; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Effective programmes for measurement and monitoring of HSE performance covering planned and surprise inspections, statistical analysis and reporting; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-conformity and Incident Management for managing identified non-conformity and incidents through causal analysis to determine improvement actions and prevention of recurrence; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scheduled internal audits for verification of system conformance; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scheduled management review for reviewing established system suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. HSE Organisation The Health, Safety and Environmental Management System has been implemented at all levels of the Group and HSE Organisations are established to effectively manage and monitor its implementation. The HSE Organisations include: a) Health, Safety and Environment Management Committee (HSEMC) The Committee, led by the CEO Managing Director meets at planned intervals to review HSE operations and performance. b) Health, Safety and Environment Committee (HSEC) Led by appointed senior management staff, the Committee is established at corporate level and at all workplaces as part of compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA). c) Corporate HSE Department Established at corporate level to assist the Group in establishing, implementing and maintaining the Health, Safety and Environmental Management System. Health And Safety Policy Statement Our Goal: 1 Malaysia, Health, Safety and Environment is Everyones Responsibility The Management of PENWIN Group is committed to the health and safety of its employees and for all who are involved in our projects. Protection of employees from injury or occupational disease is a major continuing objective. We are committed to continuing improvement toward an accident-free workplace through effective administration, education and training. All supervisors and workers must be dedicated to the continuing objectives of eliminating the near misses which will greatly reduce the risk of injuries. Our philosophy is that the well-being of our company and clients is dependent on the health and safety or our workforce. The Directors and Officers of this corporation promise that every precaution reasonable in all circumstances will be taken for the protection of all workers. No job is to be regarded so urgent that time cannot be taken to do it in a safe manner. The welfare of the individual is our greatest concern. Supervisors will be responsible for the health and safety of workers under their supervision. Supervisors are responsible to ensure that machinery and equipment required for use by each worker are safe and that each worker works in compliance with established safe work practices and procedures for each piece of equipment. Workers must receive adequate training in their specific work tasks to protect their health and safety. All supervisors, employees and subcontractors must protect their own and fellow workers health and safety by working in compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and all applicable regulations and safe work practices and procedures established by our company. We are a member of the NIOSH. We recognize that a safe work environment can be established and sustained only through a united effort by all employees and subcontractors and that the assistance of each person is required. Your attitude and cooperation in promoting accident prevention will assist in achieving our goal, and make our company the best place to work, one where employees share in corporate growth and success. Everyone from the President to new workers has the responsibility to ensure a safe and healthy workplace. Lets all work together to prevent incidents from creating unwanted losses and personal injuries or illnesses. [BADROL HISHAM BIN HJ BAHARI] President PENWIN Group 12 September 2000 Health and Safety Responsibilities Senior Management Prepare a health and safety policy. Post it in the workplace and review it annually. Develop a program to implement the health and safety policy. Ensure it is known throughout the organization. Ensure training is in place to make the program work. Appoint competent supervision. Ensure that equipment, materials and protective devices are provided and maintained in good condition. Provide resources so supervisors and workers can carry out safe and healthy work. Ensure that adequate and suitable planning is done to provide safe and healthy workplaces. Review accident reports and respond where necessary. Review middle managements site inspection reports quarterly. Delegate authority and responsibility. Hold employees and subcontractors accountable for the authority and responsibility delegated to them. Be visibly committed to making health and safety work. Inspire others to make it work. Middle Management Ensure that the workforce understands their health and safety responsibilities. Ensure that equipment, materials and protective devices are provided and maintained in good condition. Ensure the workforce is trained to safely complete the work and deal with hazards. Ensure that the training is current and regularly reviewed. Be aware of applicable legislation and ensure compliance. Ensure there is an effective mechanism for co-operative problem solving amongst workers and supervisors. Take unresolved health and safety problems to senior management. Respond appropriately to reports of problems and to Joint Health and Safety Committee/Health and Safety Rep recommendations. Ensure procedures and practices are established so workers can carry out safe and healthy work. Establish a system to review the health and safety program. Ensure it is up-to-date. Review supervisors safety/toolbox talks Review accident/incident reports. Ensure corrective actions are taken. Conduct a formal inspection of a job site once a month. Report quarterly to senior management on the status of health and safety performance. Hold supervisors accountable for the authority and responsibility delegated to them and hold workers accountable for their responsibilities. Be visibly committed to making health and safety work. Inspire others to make it work. Supervisor Ensure that workers use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the company requires to be used or worn and that it is in good condition. Ensure that workers receive appropriate training to use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the company requires. Establish procedures and practices to ensure that workers can carry out safe and healthy work. Ensure that workers comply with the Occupational Health and Safety Act, applicable regulations and the companys policy and program. Ensure that workers are aware of potential hazards and have dealt with, or are dealing with, the actual hazards in the workplace. Plan and communicate work assignments to enable workers to produce safety. Involve workers in work planning and problem solving. Provide orientation to new crew members. Conduct weekly safety talks and weekly site inspections. Review safety aspects of each task with crew. Conduct accident or incident investigation. Encourage workers to report health and safety problems Respond quickly and appropriately to worker concerns and cooperate in their correction. Take matter to higher level if beyond supervisors authority/ability. Report safety problems to middle management. Be aware of the applicable legislation and company procedures. Set an example by being consistently safety conscious, and insisting on the safe performance of work. Supervise, advise and coach workers as required. Observe the work in progress and provide positive input to the worker. Worker Use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the company requires. Work safely in accordance with the companys or the clients health and safety policy and program, and with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and applicable regulations. Do not remove, displace or interfere with the use of any safeguards. Report unsafe conditions to the supervisor, after taking appropriate immediate action. Report all accidents, injuries and near-misses immediately to the supervisor. Work in a way that will not endanger yourself or others. Advise other workers of unsafe conditions or work practices. Participate in solving health and safety problems. Provide recommendations to the supervisor to improve health and safety. Element 4.3.1 : Planning For Hazard Identification, Risk Assesment and Risk Control Job Hazard Analysis Purpose The purpose of our Job Hazard Analysis is to identify, control or eliminate potential or actual dangers in a job or task. Factors to be considered in assigning a priority for analysis of jobs include: Accident frequency and severity: jobs where accidents occur frequently or where they occur infrequently but result in disabling injuries Potential for severe injuries or illnesses: the consequences of an accident, hazardous condition, or exposure to harmful substances are potentially severe Newly established jobs: due to lack of experience in these jobs, hazards may not be evident or anticipated Modified jobs: new hazards may be associated with changes in job procedures Infrequently performed jobs: workers may be at greater risk when undertaking non-routine jobs, and a Job Hazard Analysis provides means of reviewing hazards PENWIN Group management and supervision is responsible for ensuring all work is safely planned; the Job Hazard Analysis will assist in determining firstly, what are the steps in the job; secondly, what are the potential hazards in the job; and finally, what are the protective measures for the safety of our worker(s) assigned to do the non-routine work. Procedure for Completing a Job Hazard Analysis Breakdown of Job Steps Job or task identified for analysis by supervisor Supervisor overseeing the job breaks job into steps (with assistance from crew members, h s rep etc) A job step is defined as a segment of the operation necessary to advance the work Keep the steps in the correct sequence Identify Actual/Potential Hazards (refer to checklist in appendix) Once the basic steps have been recorded, potential hazards must be identified at each step. This is based on observation of the job, knowledge of accident and in jury causes, and personal experience. To identify potential hazards, the supervisor may use questions such as these (this is not a complete list): Can any body part get caught in or between objects? Do tools, machines or equipment present any hazards? Can the worker make harmful contact with objects? Can the worker slip, trip or fall? Can the worker suffer strain from lifting, pushing or pulling? Is the worker exposed to extreme heat or cold? Is excessive noise or vibration a problem? Is there a danger from falling objects? Is lighting a problem? Can weather conditions affect safety? Is harmful radiation a possibility? Can contact be made with hot, toxic or caustic substances? Are there dusts, fumes, mists or vapours in the air? Preventative Measures/Controls After completing the risk assessment and having taken account of existing controls the company should be able to determine whether existing controls are adequate or need improving or new controls are required. The following provides examples of implementing the hierarchy of controls. Elimination modify a design to eliminate the hazard, e.g introduce mechanical lifting devices to eliminate the manual handling hazard. Substitution substitute a less hazardous material or reduce the system energy e.g lower the force, amperage, pressure, temperature, etc . Engineering Controls install ventilation systems, machine guarding, interlocks, sound enclosures, etc. Signage, warnings and/or administrative controls install alarms, safety procedures, equipment inspections, access controls. Personal protective equipment safety glasses , hearing protection, face shields, safety harnesses and lanyards, respirators and gloves. Eliminate the Hazard This is the most effective measure, some examples are: Choose a different process Modify an existing process Substitute with less hazardous substance Improve environment (ventilation) Modify or change equipment or tools Contain the Hazard If the hazard cannot be eliminated, contact might be prevented by using enclosures, machine guards, worker booths or similar devices. Revise Work Procedure Consideration might be given to modifying steps that are hazardous, changing the sequence of steps or adding additional steps (such as locking out energy sources) Reduce the Exposure These measures are the least effective and should only be used if no other solutions are possible. One way to minimizing exposure is to reduce the number of times the hazard is encountered. Communication of Job Hazard Analysis to Workers When the Job Hazard Analysis is completed, the results must be communicated to all workers who are, or who will be, performing the job. The job hazard analysis must be discussed by the employees performing the job to ensure that all the basic steps have been noted, are in the correct order, have suitable controls and be documented and signed by the worker and supervisor. Supervisors will ensure that workers are following the appropriate control procedures. Hazard Reporting System Policy PENWIN Group is committed to identifying and removing or controlling hazards. The hazard reporting system is a worker-oriented process. Workers are in the best position to identify the hazards in the workplace because they are the ones who perform the work. Workers act as a second set of eyes for supervisors. Procedure Worker Responsibilities Report any perceived hazard verbally to the site supervisor. Provide recommendations to the supervisor on how to eliminate or control the hazard. If the supervisor does not respond to your concern you are to inform management. Supervisor Responsibilities Discuss the hazard and controls with the worker and complete the Hazard Identification Form. Respond to the workers concern by the next shift. Ensure that the form details the action or non-action which will be taken. Provide a copy of the completed Hazard Identification Form to middle management. Middle Management Responsibilities Ensure action is taken to address the hazard identified. Initialize and date the Hazard Identification Form. See ATTACHMENT for: Hazard Identification Form Risk Assesment Risk assessment is the process where you: Identify hazards. Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening. Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of a good occupational health and safety management plan. They help to: Create awareness of hazards and risks. Identify who may be at risk (employees, cleaners, visitors, contractors, the public, etc). Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be done. Prevent injuries or illnesses when done at the design or planning stage. Prioritize hazards and control measures. The aim of the risk assessment process is to remove a hazard or reduce the level of its risk by adding precautions or control measures, as necessary. By doing so, you have created a safer and healthier workplace. Assessments should be done by a competent team of individuals who have a good working knowledge of the workplace. Staff should be involved always include supervisors and workers who work with the process under review as they are the most familiar with the operation. In general, to do an assessment, you should: Identify hazards. Evaluate the likelihood of an injury or illness occurring, and its severity. Consider normal operational situations as well as non-standard events such as shutdowns, power outages, emergencies, etc. Review all available heath and safety information about the hazard such as MSDSs, manufacturers literature, information from reputable organizations, results of testing, etc. Identify actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk. Monitor and evaluate to confirm the risk is controlled. Keep any documentation or records that may be necessary. Documentation may include detailing the process used to assess the risk, outlining any evaluations, or detailing how conclusions were made. When doing an assessment, you must take into account: the methods and procedures used in the processing, use, handling or storage of the substance, etc. the actual and the potential exposure of workers the measures and procedures necessary to control such exposure by means of engineering controls, work practices, and hygiene practices and facilities By determining the level of risk associated with the hazard, the employer and the joint he Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which hazard is the most serious and thus which hazard to control first. Priority is usually established by taking into account the employee exposure and the potential for accident, injury or illness. By assigning a priority to the hazards, you are creating a ranking or an action list. The following factors play an important role: percentage of workforce exposed frequency of exposure degree of harm likely to result from the exposure probability of occurrence There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Ranking hazards requires the knowledge of the workplace activities, urgency of situations, and most importantly, objective judgement. One option is to use a table similar to the following as established by the British Standards Organization: Note:  These categorizations and the resulting asymmetry of the matrix arise from the examples of harm and likelihood illustrated within the British Standard. Organizations should adjust the design and size of the matrix to suit their needs. Definitions for Likelihood of Harm Very Likely   Typically experienced at least once every six months by an individual. Likely   Typically experienced once every five years by an individual. Unlikely   Typically experienced once during the working lifetime of an individual. Very unlikely   Less than 1% chance of being experienced by an individual during their working lifetime. Definitions for Severity of Harm Potential severity of harm   When establishing potential severity of harm, information about the relevant work activity should be considered, together with: a) part(s) of the body likely to be affected; b) nature of the harm, ranging from slight to extremely harmful: 1. slightly harmful (e.g., superficial injuries; minor cuts and bruises; eye irritation from dust; nuisance and irritation; ill-health leading to temporary discomfort) 2. harmful (e.g., lacerations; burns; concussion; serious sprains; minor fractures; deafness; dermatitis; asthma; work-related upper limb disorders; ill-health) 3. extremely harmful (e.g., amputations; major fractures; poisonings; multiple injuries; fatal injuries; occupational cancer; other severely life shortening diseases; acute fatal diseases) Definition for Risk Level   Tolerability Guidance on necessary action and timescale Very low   These risks are considered acceptable. No further action is necessary other than to ensure that the controls are maintained. Low   No additional controls are required unless they can be implemented at very low cost (in terms of time, money, and effort). Actions to further reduce these risks are assigned low priority. Arrangements should be made to ensure that the controls are maintained. Medium   Consideration should be as to whether the risks can be lowered, where applicable, to a tolerable level and preferably to an acceptable level, but the costs of additional risk reduction measures should be taken into account. The risk reduction measures should be implemented within a defined time period. Arrangements should be made to ensure that controls are maintained, particularly if the risk levels area associated with harmful consequences. High   Substantial efforts should be made to reduce the risk. Risk reduction measures should be implemented urgently within a defined time period and it might be necessary to consider suspending or restricting the activity, or to apply interim risk control measures, until this has been completed. Considerable resources might have to be allocated to additional control measures. Arrangements should be made to ensure that controls are maintained, particularly if the risk levels are associated with extremely harmful consequences and very harmful consequences. Very high   These risk are unacceptable. Substantial improvements in risk control measures are necessary so that the risk is reduced to a tolerable or acceptable level. The work activity should be halted until risk controls are implemented that reduces the risk so that it is no longer very high. If it is not possible to reduce the risk, the work should remain prohibited. Element 4.42 : Competence , training and awareness. Employee Training PENWIN Group is responsible for ensuring all employees and supervisors are properly trained. It is committed to providing adequate time and resources to train all personnel to perform their duties in an efficient and safe manner. Management is responsible for ensuring records of all completed training courses are maintained. A review of all training should take place at the regular management/supervisor meetings and meetings of the joint health and safety committee and must be completed no less than annually. Management Training In addition to participating in supervisory training requirements, operations management will be given the opportunity to attend advanced training in maintaining safety in the workplace. Supervision Training All construction supervision must attend the following safety competency courses: Supervisor competency via an accredited organization First aid and CPR Fall protection train the trainer PENWIN Group health and safety program training Specialized tool and equipment instruction as required Worker Training/Instruction Workers will be instructed by a competent person to ensure that safety is maintained in the workplace. Formal training must be provided for the following: Fall Protection Personal Protective Equipment (Respirator, hazmat if required) Tools and equipment (new or specialized) Emergency Response An evaluation must be completed to ensure workers are familiar with program content and the activities for which they will be responsible. The objective of training is to ease the implementation of health and safety policies into specific job practices and to raise awareness and skill levels to an acceptable standard. While all employees can benefit from health and safety training, special attention should be given to the training of supervisors, trainers, and workers. Occasions when employee training may be required are: commencement of employment reassignment or transfer to a new job introduction of new equipment, processes, or procedures inadequate performance The following topics be included in supervisory safety training: safety and the supervisor know your accident problems human relations maintaining interest in safety instructing for safety industrial hygiene personal protective equipment industrial housekeeping material handling and storage guarding machines and mechanisms hand and portable power tools fire protection The supervisor is generally responsible for much of the training of workers. This duty, however, is often delegated to an experienced worker. To be an effective instructor, an instructor should: Receive training in how to instruct. Prepare an orderly plan for instruction. Explain reasons why each step must be done in a certain way. All instructors should be taught how to proceed when training a new or inexperienced employee: Plan the session beforehand; break the job down into steps; have training aids available. Explain what is to be done. Describe all the hazards and protective measures. Demonstrate each step, stress key points, and answer any questions. Have the employee carry out each step, correct errors, and compliment good performance. Check frequently after the employee is working independently to ensure correct performance. Documented correct work procedures are an invaluable aid in job skills training. External sources for training assistance are industry associations, unions, government agencies, and professional consultants. Once the health and safety program has been set in place and the program appears to be running smoothly, effort is still required to maintain enthusiasm and interest. Studies have shown that the effectiveness of health and safety educational techniques depends largely on how much importance management is seen to place on health and

The Seven Sacraments of Catholics Essay -- Catholicism Religion Christ

The Seven Sacraments of Catholics Catholics go through a cycle of events in their spiritual lives known as the seven sacraments. Although all Catholics can not partake in each sacrament, the majority receive the Holy Eucharist and are baptized as children. The sacraments are the rites of passage in the Catholic faith. Some of the sacraments require proper preparation and knowledge of the one’s faith. The seven sacraments include Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Marriage, Anointing of the Sick, and the Holy Orders. Faith ties the people of God together. We are united through our belief in faith. I see the sacraments as the acceptance of faith in God and of our faith. With all the diversity that exists among God’s people, faith in God and To Chrisitan, Jesus Christ is the being that connects us all as one. He played many roles when he was on this earth and is the incarnation of God. In essence, He is God â€Å"infleshed†. While he was on the earth, some viewed him as a healer. I be lieve that receiving reconciliation and the anointing of the sick would require an individual to accept Jesus as the ultimate healer. The Eucharist accepts that Jesus had the ability to turn bread and wine into himself for his people. Receiving the Eucharist is the acceptance of the Last Supper and the symbolic meaning along with it. Jesus Christ is referred to as the anointed. At baptism we are anointed with holy oil to welcome us into the Catholic faith. In confirmation we again, confirm and renew our faith and individually commit to the vows our godparents had spoken for us. Again we are anointed with holy oil, symbolizing the truth of Jesus Christ, the anointed one. The sacraments are a rite of passage among the Christian people. We are all tied to one faith and the sacraments are the links that we tie it all together. Sacraments sometimes required preparation. In preparation of a sacrament, we are taught the underlining faith of Jesus Christ. Through our sacramental practices, we accept and acknowledge the faith of Jesus and who he was. Sacraments bring people of the church together in celebration. These gatherings are common ties among people of faith and their acceptance of God and Jesus. What do catholics and fundamentalist believe about the bible comparison 2000-07-04 Conversations about the differences and similarities between Fundamentalist and Catho... ...inisters. This can be very rare in other denominations. At the General conference not too long ago, the UM church apologized to the blacks for the discrimination they suffered. This is also a rare finding in a church The Methodist religion is different from many others. It seems that it's goal for humanity is for everyone to have their own individual relationship or bond with Christ, they prize this more than anything. Even though they are very non discriminating they still have their own set of rules to go by, just as every church does. The Methodist religion is very interesting and somewhat different than what most religions are. Bibliography 1. Academic American Encyclopedia. Groiler Incorporated. Danbury, Conneticut. Copyright 1996. 2. http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/methodist/methchap.h tml.pages 1-4. September 28, 2000 3. http://showcase.netins.net/web/unsource/undoct.html. pages 1-9. September 28, 2000 4. Pamplet: "Whats So Great About Being A United Methodist?" 5. The United Mehtodist Church on Normandy. 6. Youth Ministry Director at the UM church on Normandy. Personal Interview. 19 October 2000 7. The World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. World Book Copyright 2000

Narrative Poetry Essay

Narrative Poems are poems that tell stories. There is a beginning, which introduces the background to the story, a middle, which tells the action of the event, and an end, which concludes and summarizes the story. What are the origins of Narrative Poetry? Narratives are the oldest form of poetry. Long before there was paper to write on or ink to write with, long before the invention of the printing press, people often shared stories as a form of entertainment. These stories were also often used to relate historical events. In the same way that we spread news through newspapers today, oral stories were used to spread news of historical events long ago. In order to help recall details of the events, people began to use rhyme and rhythm to give their stories a musical quality that would allow the story to be remembered and recalled much more easily. Think about how much easier it is to remember the words to a song than it is to recall all of the words of a short story. That is exactly how narrative poems were originally created. In what ways are narrative poems similar to short stories? Narrative poems have many similarities to short stories. For example, short stories have characters, a setting, a conflict, and a clear beginning, middle and end. Narrative poems have all of these elements as well. Sometimes there may only be one character, or there may be many characters. At times, the setting may be implied rather than obvious, and the conflict may be an internal conflict rather than external. How can we analyze narrative poems? In order to analyze a narrative poem, first read through it with the following questions in mind: Who are the characters in the poem?  What are the characters doing, or what is happening?  Why are these events happening?  How are the characters affected by the action or events?  What can be learned from the poem? Where can we find narrative poetry in our daily lives?  Although narrative poetry is one of the oldest forms of literature, this does not mean it is no longer prevalent in today’s world. In fact, any time you turn on a radio, you can hear narrative poetry on nearly any radio station. The best place to see or hear narrative poetry today would be in songs. Songs are simply poems set to music, and the songs that tell stories are narrative poems set to music.

Role of Motivation and Individual Behavior

Role of Motivation and Individual Behavior Free Online Research Papers There might be a role of the motivation in what obtain individual’s attention, importance, confidence or satisfaction in an individual situation. Also, it is possible that there is a role of the motivation in what heightens Individual Behavior will, the nature of his goals, eagerness for success or fail, furthermore what is considered suitable identification for gaining achievement. As this kind of motivation is not static, it might change as some other motivation adapt to the Individual circumstance. Many studies have been conducted on Individual behavior to learn during the past decades. There is also a growing body of experimental proposals on Individual behaviors into the UAE society. However, none of these studies specifically addressed any culturally different variables that might affect such individuals’ motivation or its change as an Individual becomes familiarized to the social environment. Further, most previous studies on local individual behaviors were conducted in Western higher education institutions as well as some other local UAE universities that gave emphasis to the need for more information on cross-cultural background on such society. The progression theories of motivation suggest that both the specific Individual characteristics along with the same country circumstances must be taken into consideration in order to understand motivation and concentrate on motivational issues. In the other hands, motivation is a utility of internal and external complex factors. Changes in the specific market background as well as changes in individual behavior for such persons of improvement show the way to changes in their motivational responses. As such researches which were by several high reputed higher education institutions in individual behavior for such societies in the Middle East in general and in United Arab Emirates in particular, these researches have given way into individual impact. These theories were giving into the center of attention on individual development and change processes. Societies in order of the way for growth and searching for excellence including on the increased ability, besides managing emotions, along with stirring into sovereignty, in addition to grown-up interpersonal interface, increasing rationale, on the enhance distinctiveness, as well as rising reliability. On the other hand, such society may contact such models which are spotlight on impression changeable manipulating individual behavior change. However, in generally, both the social cultural along with country economy impact which might be illustrated while such individuals may adopt some of the same country cultural impacts. Consequently, it is important to make use of from the motivation theories that Individual coming into a motivation experience keen on such motivation phases of crisis, adjustment, as well as variation. It is a problem in several motivation differences belongings that the greater alternative enforces individual on the less powerful behavior. This is done without any assessment which type of motivation would be the more appropriate one for the latest approach. This advance may guide to a successful individual along with integration promptly in some situations. In additional situations, though, this technique will demolish much of the value that was expected to grow from the individual. Particularly when both partners are extreme unlike, it needs a nearer assessment, which culture will be finest for mutually together. Main Findings and discussion Some of the main study findings too many alternatives such like; role of motivation work of narrative experiences such as a joint effort, manipulating about and through middle management affect and control as well as extra efforts in some specific events such as working in special task and reinforcement into such environment that helps to reduce the explained role of motivation affection the Individual Behavior. This motivating experiences either fit closely with the individual interests or with their more role of motivation, although most of the persons did not experience team-work as a social strategy in large societies, the general role of motivation is collaborative and behavior oriented. As well, all of the persons should be interested in working together for their mutual benefits. During their first year when the new persons join the work, it has been observed that several de-motivating different experiences including using difficult tools and scope in order to perform the required task. However, usually management is not allowing persons to choose their own assignments to proceed. It should be noted that the person and motivation methodology were different than what such persons used to be familiar in his own behavior. We have to note that the some of the individual approaches have significantly improved during the past few years. Individual experiences, perceptions and reactions seem to fit the first phase of both the individual behavior and group adaptation models. However, one has to note that many organizations in the UAE social world are too young in their life cycle, therefore, these organizations are just had adopted new policies, management, and regulations and bylaws. Individual’s reactions to the de-motivating experiences also changed notably by the years were going on at work. Persons at this stage felt confident and grew broadminded. They explain to their management their needs, talk among themselves, rely on themselves, and listen to the management regardless of the type of instruction. At worse, they try to ignore worthlessness of materials and just do their task peacefully. One of the major findings of this revision is the motivational consequence of role of Motivation. After initial awareness and excitement, individual in new role of Motivation situations enter the crisis phase. The crisis phase often emerges in terms of negative experiences and reactions. Individual’s de-motivating affecting reactions and behavioral reactions are understandable expressions of the crisis stage. Moreover, persons become inattentive with learning how to adapt to the new role of Motivation environment. To adapt successfully into a new role of Motivation environment, individual must expand problem-solving skills. Furthermore, persons may extend the proficiency and approach necessary to cooperate, resolve problems, and complete responsibilities productively in the new atmosphere. Recommendations After all above discussions, we can come up with some results show that individual behavior is dependable with role of Motivation on features concerning to control relationships and supervision systems but not with features connecting to Motivation interaction and motivation systems. Outcomes also give you an idea about that influence and motivation affiliation objects were large amounts contributive to the practices of in the approved manners categorizing societies into their particular motivation factions. Overall, the conclusion seems to fit the models of individual behavior which penetrating the motivation issues, as discussed above in details. This revision presents an approaching into the motivation unpredictable that have an effect on individuals’ motivations as well as the effect of such variables on the transforms that may come to mind to individuals’ motivations as they become accustomed motivation environment. Such informative results are highly appreciated especially while giving a serious feedback about the work force. Moreover, consequence of this study could bring up to date motivational individual behavior and at similar motivation environment in. Furthermore, such case study outcomes could also be used to set up confident procedures for Individual Behavior. In total, outcome of this work will shed light on role of Motivation factors that affect individual’s motivation as well as the developments and prototypes of motivational transform as individual become accustomed to Motivation environment. Additional paying attention investigation is looked-for to illustrate the progression of individual motivational improvement in a enhancing the role of Motivation. References: 1) Beech, Nic, â€Å"Manging People in Organizations†, the University of Strathclyde, Glasco, UK, 2005 2) Francesco, Gold, International Organizational Behavior†, Pearson Prentice Hall,2005, 3) Business Encyclopedia; accessed on 24/12/2009; referenceforbusiness.com/small/Op-Qu/Organizational-Behavior.html 4) Thomson, Rosemary, Managing People, Second Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK. 2002, 5) Management Techniques; Center for Democracy Technology- Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) Censorship Free Expression Archive; accessed on 24/12/2009;; lonsteins.com/management_techniques.html 6) Encyclopedia of Small Business; accessed on 24/12/2009;; http://business.enotes.com/ small-business-encyclopedia/organizational-behavior Research Papers on Role of Motivation and Individual BehaviorThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of India

buy custom What Makes a Top 100 Hospital essay

buy custom What Makes a Top 100 Hospital essay In 2009-2010 period, several hospitals were ranked at the top hundred positions in the United States of America. In that ranking, Ronald Reagan UCLA medical centre came as one of the top five American hospitals ranking at position three. It also became the best medical centre in the western United States of America for the twenty-first time in consecutive years. For this hospital to achieve such success, for a long time it must have engaged itself in certain plans and quality maintenance issues. The hospital is located in Los Angeles in the university of California campus. The hospital commenced in 1953 but was destroyed by the Northridge earthquake in 1994. The new hospital started operating in 2008, replacing the old one. The hospital has an affiliation with the University of California and assists in the training of medical doctors in David Geffen School of medicine at UCLA. The hospital is owned by the government, and receives budgetary allocations from the federal government besides its internal funding. Ronald Reagan functions as part of a network of UCLA health system. The government appoints senior managers on merit. The hospital receives various ratings from patient surveys and media ratings. First, Ronald Reagan UCLA medical centre ensured that it put patients as the most significant part of their services. Hospitals exist and operate because their sole responsibility involves treating patients. A hospital fails in its mandate to provide services to patients if it does not provide adequate care and attention. As doctor, David Feinberg who works as the chief executive officer and associate vice chancellor of the UCLA hospital system stated, they put patients as the core of everything that happened in the hospital. They considered that as their ultimate standard. This made the hospital provide excellent patient-centered care. Therefore, the hospital provided high-quality services to patients. This helped them rank highly (Moster, 2010). Secondly, Ronald Reagan has a team of gifted and dedicated medical and support personnel, in the entire UCLA health system. It has more than seven hundred employees. It has a representation of all types of doctors. The hospital has ensured that it has maintained a motivated team of professionals. The workers perform their duties without discrimination or favoritism. They go an extra mile to sav lives of patents that come to the hospital to receive medical help. The team has a remarkable working relationship that helps them to work together and coordinate their work to ensure that they offer high standardized services. All members of the hospital team posses relevant qualifications in their area of specialization that helps them to deliver quality services. The hospital has doctors, nurses, researchers, physicians, pharmacists and other staff that help in undertaking various duties at the hospital. The hospital has also ensured that it pays its employees attractive salaries that make them happy to work at the hospital. These makes the personnel at the hospital work with determination and love their work. It has helped the personnel concentrate on their work and give the best that they can offer. The working environment at the hospital also encourages the teams to work effectively. The hospital has a friendly working environment that encourages employees to work together and give the best of what they can offer (Moster, 2010). The hospital specializes in most of the specialties covered in medicine ranging from surgery, child-care, neurology and many more. It has been recognized for its cancer treatment specialty. Ronald Reagan UCLA hospital provides latest in medical technology to people in Los Angeles and the entire world. It has ensured that it reviews its medical services and outputs to fit with modern medical discoveries and technology. New technology offers new ways of discovering and treating diseases. Ronald Reagan hospital has tried as much as possible to keep its medical personnel up-to-date with current medical technologies through researches in and out of the hospital. Constant research has helped the hospital remain relevant in this age where new diseases come up, and old ones regenerate into new ones. For instance, researchers from Ronald Reagan UCLA medical centre were among the teams that could receive NIH funds to carry out further research, to find a cure for HIV. This shows the dedication and determination that Ronald Reagan UCLA medical centre has in its services (Moster, 2010). Ronald Reagan UCLA hospital has facilities that enable it to achieve success in all its undertakings. The hospital has ensured that it acquires the best and modern facilities that help the medical practitioners perform their duties and provide remarkable services to patients. The hospital has modern facilities in all its areas of specialty that has helped it provide quality services. It has ensured that it acquires the best facilities it can get in the market. It has done this to ensure that it does not limit its personnel in their work or compromise the services that the hospital provides. For a hospital to operate in the required manner, it must have all the facilities that must aid its operations. Therefore, Ronald Reagan hospital achieves success with its facilities. The leadership at Ronald Reagan UCLA hospital also contributed to the hospital ranking at the third position out of one hundred. The leadership at the hospital comprises of learned people who practice high qualified leadership. They have led helped the hospital become organised in its undertakings. They have ensured that different departments at the hospital work together to achieve a common goal. The leadership has ensured that the hospital possesses high qualified workers and has a friendly working environment filled with facilities. They have helped the hospital to aim at its best by ensuring that all departments provide high-quality services to patients and to the society. They coordinate and work with departmental heads and other personnel, to ensure that the hospital runs smoothly. The relationship between the management and the employees has also helped the hospital offer quality services (Moster, 2010). The hospital has been able to perform highly because of the availability of funds. The availability of funds has enabled the hospital to purchase quality facilities, employ qualified and enough personnel buy medicine and other resources that have contributed to the success of the hospital. The funds have also helped the hospital carry out research that has helped in the treatment of diseases and offering better services to patients. Currently, the hospital offers positions for volunteers, and it has many job openings ranging from administration, executive, nursing, pharmacy, clinical laboratory, radiology and respiratory therapy among many more. In conclusion, Ronald Reagan UCLA hospital has earned the third position out of one hundred positions because of its value on patients, employees, the facilities and funds it has among other factors as discussed. These have enabled the hospital achieve success. Buy custom What Makes a Top 100 Hospital essay

The Effect And Influence And Prestige Of Augustine Religion Essay Essays

The Effect And Influence And Prestige Of Augustine Religion Essay Essays The Effect And Influence And Prestige Of Augustine Religion Essay Essay The Effect And Influence And Prestige Of Augustine Religion Essay Essay Introduction Augustine of Hippo or St. Augustine ( a.d. 354-430 ) was said to be the last and greatest of the Church Fathers. He is recognized by Christian authors and historiographers as the most influential mind, as an vindicator and theologian that Christianity has produced during the past two millenary. Even Jerome and Ambrose, work forces honoured with the rubric of physician by the medieval could nt mach with Augustine s celebrity and prestigiousness.[ 1 ]Although the eastern Orthodoxy had treated his plants skeptically, his parts to the cause of Christianity are good recognized by both the Catholic and Protestants. Even the well known reformists of the 16th Century claimed to be Augustine s followings and translators. [ 2 ]His profound work as a theologian, philosopher, vindicator, and church bishop had majorly influenced, particularly the Western Christianity. Among his elaborate plants were His volumes of City of God. Augustine s City of God became five volumes which dealt with those who worshiped God for felicity on Earth, another five volumes that dealt with those who worshiped God for ageless felicity, and twelve volumes refering the beginning and ultimate fates of the symbolic metropoliss of Babylon and Jerusalem. In his life clip he d contributed over one hundred books, five hundred discourses and two hundred letters.[ 3 ] Augustine s position on History Augustine is majorly known in his plant of the Confession and the City of God [ 4 ]In the Confession, he wrote about his religious formation , and Man s iniquitous behavior including his ain and the nature of adult male. The City of God was written in connexion to the devastation of Rome by Alaric in the twelvemonth 410. Harmonizing to the heathen societies the autumn of Rome was a effect of the choler of their Gods on the Christianization of Rome [ 5 ]In his excusatory attack against such position, Augustine offered his ain account on the footing of both classical doctrine and Christianity. The land for the job of history, harmonizing him were:[ 6 ]the nature and fate of world, the character and intent of God, the redemptional work of Christ and the map of church and province. For him Rome was destroyed because of its wickednesss and corruptnesss non because of its Christianization. Augustine proposed the impression of two metropoliss, viz. the metropolis of God, which is based o n the love of God and the Earthly metropolis, which is based on love of ego. Harmonizing to him merely the metropolis of God will stay ; the earthly metropoliss like Rome will finally fall because of their evil. Augustine besides, in his effort to cover with the issue of whether Christians can affect in war against the savages, he came up with the impression of merely war. On the top of the classical codification of war, that formulated that war is legitimate merely if it is carried by a province for the intent of justifying justness and reconstructing peace, Augustine added that the motivation for war must be love and the other party must be unfair. This made him to be known as the male parent of the war-guilt theory. [ 7 ]Many Historians agree that Augustine s work of the City of God was non merely Theology but besides political theory, history and doctrine that proved that both the heathen universe position and the Romans were basically flawed. [ 8 ] Augustine s View on the nature of world and redemption In his resistance to Pelagius, who taught that moral flawlessness could be achieved without the aid of God s grace through human free will[ 9 ], Augustine came up with his position of original wickedness and redemption through God s grace. For Pelagius, wickedness was the consequence of wont non nature, but Augustine held that wickedness was a direct consequence of Adam s noncompliance to God and all people have sinned through Adam[ 10 ]. Harmonizing to him, the human race, because of original wickedness, is so hopelessly corrupted that we are perfectly incapable of making any good by our forces. Augustine believed that human ability to take between good and immorality has been perfectly corrupted by wickedness. Any individual harmonizing to him, adult male must have the grace of God to be saved and such grace can merely be given by God randomly and as a consequence of God s Godhead clemency. The deeply rooted human corruptness for Augustine can merely be cured by the operation of salvaging grace that was granted by God through the decease and Resurrection of Christ.[ 11 ]His strong position on the necessity of the grace of God has made him known by the Protestants as the precursor of the Reformation [ 12 ] Augustine stretched his position on the consequence of the autumn to the proposition that homo will is wholly disadvantaged and perfectly unable to take good from immorality. He so said, God s grace is resistless and is directed to those predestined for redemption.[ 13 ]Augustine believed that people are predestined in their lives to come either to redemption or to punishment on the virtue of their wickednesss. The Calvinists nevertheless stretched that to even keep the predestination of the damned. His position on Church credos and sacraments St. Augustine was besides extremely regarded by the Roman Catholics because of his accent on direct function of the Church in go throughing the salvaging grace through sacraments including infant baptism and Eucharist. For him a sacrament is an outward and seeable mark of an inward and unseeable grace, a phrase that reappears in Catholic Sunday Schools today. However, Augustine had something wholly different in head than the seven-sacrament system of the modern Roman Catholic Church, because he considered the Nicene Creed and the Lord s Prayer to be sacraments[ 14 ] His Position on Eschatology Augustine, who is frequently referred to as the male parent of amillennialism had seemingly, popularized the positions of Tyconius, an African Donatist of the 4th century. Tyconius was one of the earliest theologists to dispute premillennialism who rejected the eschatological and futuristic position of Revelation 20. Alternatively, he said that the millenary was being fulfilled in the present age and that the thousand old ages mentioned was non a actual thousand old ages. Augustine abandoned premillennialism because of what he considered to be the surpluss and pruriences of this position. He besides interpreted Mark 3:27 to be a present binding of Satan. His ecclesiology was more to the full developed in City of God. There he conceives of the church as a celestial metropolis or land, ruled by love, which will finally prevail over all earthly imperiums which are self-indulgent and ruled by pride. For Augustine, the bishops of the Church are the replacements of the apostles and he bes ides believed in apostolic domination.[ 15 ]Augustine was the first to place the Catholic Church in its seeable, empirical signifier with the land of God. For him, the millennian regulation of Christ was taking topographic point in and through the church, including its sacraments and offices. Augustine s amillennialism rapidly became the recognized position of the church. Amillennialism became so recognized that the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) condemned the premillennial position as superstitious. His position on the gifts of the Holy Spirit Although in his early old ages Augustine believed that all miracles had ceased by the terminal of the lives of the apostles, his position was transformed by the compelling grounds of many well-attested miracles that occurred during a powerful resurgence that occurred throughout the churches of North Africa that were under his supervising. In the last subdivision of his heroic poem work The City of God, Augustine wrote about legion miracles that he had personally witnessed and investigated, including singular marvelous healings affecting chest malignant neoplastic disease, palsy, sightlessness, and even people who were resurrected from the dead. He Believed miracles in the name of Christ can go on merely by few holy people. Decision Augustine was the first of all to synthesise the great theories of the autumn, grace, and free will ; and moreover it is he who had done his best to accommodate them all. Protestant reformists such as Martin Luther and John Calvin have accepted his philosophies on effects of the original wickedness on adult male s autonomy and the demand of Gods grace for redemption. He is besides good known by the Catholics for his instructions on the Church s credos and sacraments. However, he was besides responsible for some of the unbiblical retentions of the Catholics such as: the cryptic efficaciousness of the sacraments, Mary s virginity even in childbearing, the tenet of the speckless construct of the Virgin Mary, the apostolic domination and infallibility. Furthermore his retentions that the gift of the Spirit was given merely to establish the Church and can merely bee vested upon few holy people and his confusion between sanctification and justification are some of the issues that weakene d his bequest.

Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Information Policy - Essay Example ough investment in education is very crucial, it is restricted by the budget constraints of the available resources (Global-economic-symposium.org, 2015). The world today is a technological world, and everybody would not wish to be left behind in the wake of these developments. Information technology (IT) as a subset of education is, therefore, an essential instrument to create all round students equipped with valuable knowledge and skills around computing and communications devices. Learning systems have gone digital, for example, e-learning and Skype, thereby transforming the entire education to a whole new digital platform. These factors make IT a priority investment in education systems. Education systems of developing countries are relatively limited compared to industrialized nations due financial shortages, limited internet access, inadequately trained teachers as well as lack of proper policies and implementation strategies (Heeks, 2002). Developing countries also face digital divide not only between countries but also within the countries themselves. In developed countries such as the USA, all students have access to IT in classrooms, schools and home with all teachers using IT. The learners also access information and computer literacy easily with the internet everywhere. Education technology is a scientific principle in the teaching in industrialized countries. It is a general term that is not just as a series of components or processes. The knowledge encompasses education technology in teaching, software education, self-education, and system tendency that are just dreams in developing countries. Global-economic-symposium.org, (2015).  Effective Investments in Education — Global Economic Symposium. Retrieved 1 July 2015, from

Tombstone Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tombstone - Movie Review Example This is seen as people are gunned down, death, and shot at open range. The film is cast in the form of a story. The film mainly focus on Wyatt Earp and the events that took place after the (Movie Guide, n.d.). This took place at the O.K. Corall in Arizona on October 26, 1881 (Movie Guide, n.d.). The film is characterized by a mediocre plot, bloody violence, and uneven cinematography. Analysis of the movie ‘Tombstone’ is of the essence in understanding plot, setting, directors, and cinematography. The analysis of the movie helps in gaining understanding of various aspects. The film is directed by George Cosmatos. The movie was cast in Hollywood and Cinergi pictures. Moreover, the movie is comprised of various characters. However, there are main characters that contribute to the plot of the story significantly. They include Kurt Russel, Van Kilmer, Michael Biehn, Powers Boothe, Dana Delany, Sam Elliot, Stephen Lang, Joanna Pacula, Bill Paxton, Bill Paxton, Jason Priestly, Michael Rooker, John Tenney, Doc Holliday, and Billy Zane (Movie Guide, n.d). In addition, the movie was made in 1993. This movie runs for 130 minutes. The movie is rated 7.7 out of ten points. The movie has an extensive plot. The movie begins with the retirement of Wyatt Earp (Kurt Russell) from law enforcement agency. Therefore, he engages in a journey and is accompanied by his brothers Virgil (Sam Elliot) and Morgan Bill Paxton (Holden, 2013).

Project management and quality assurance Assignment

Project management and quality assurance - Assignment Example But after the calculation for net present value we have for project Mu 924,420, for project Eta 841,872 and for project Iota 370,072. To sum up due to above calculation project Mu is the recommended project because it has got less setup cost which is 1200000 and better payback period than the others which is 3 years and the net present value is much better than the other two project which is 924420 and project Iota has the high setup cost and late payback period and with low net present value. Due to underestimating the task A and task F the project would be finish later than the above estimated time which was 23/04/07. After the rescheduling the new finish day for the project Kappa would be on Monday 12/05/07 which would be 18 weeks When the plan of a project will rescheduling it would directly affect the cost and benefits of the project because the project would be finish later than the estimated time and it needs more work to do on it than the original plan so the main cost which is programmer cost will directly affect the benefit. According to I chart the project completes on 23-4-07 and by the new schedule the project will end on 9-5-07 This results in more than 2 weeks of delay and the marketing strategies also needed to be changed. The deadline mentioned to the customers about the supply of software need to be changed or the time duration between the completion of the project and the delivery of the product to the customer need to be decreased. If the cost based changes are concerned, the company has to pay for the programming and development costs for a period of 2 weeks more. This increases the expenditure on the product by 12.5 percent. The cost effectiveness of the product also decreases by that extent. If the company want to market it at the same price decided before rescheduling, there is a need of supplying for more customers initially as the supply to more number of customers will increaser profitability on same cost price. The increase of time in the production can be tolerated as no release of competitor's products is sited. This gives the company time to make the product bug free and to increase the functional performance. Due to increase in the production time, the marketing manager may object due to the delay in release of the product into the market. They can be

Leadership in Early Childhood Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership in Early Childhood Education - Essay Example In addition, there are different views about incorporating personal philosophy ECEC settings. This essay therefore examines the definition of leadership and how my philosophy reflects my understanding of leadership. There are different definitions about leadership in general and there is no widely accepted definition of leadership, no shared agreement on how best to improve leadership and leaders. The definitions mostly revolve around individual traits, influence over others, role relationships, situational characteristics and the notion of the follower, meeting people’s needs, mobilizing power, negotiating agreements and becoming political. (Lecture A1PP). Traditionally, the leadership viewed worker as a person who was part of the working masses. Historical definitions have changed a lot and new contemporary definitions emerged through many authors’ works. However, highly gendered traditional models of leadership have been seen as natural to leadership (Hard 2005). How ever, research indicates that women are rated as more effective leaders and that many women have developed a leadership style that involves promoting interactions with colleagues, encouraging employee participation, and sharing information and power (Hard 2005). I concur with the view that express leadership in terms of formality and informality (Hard 2005). The formal leader is the one who is appointed the informal leader is the one who demonstrates leadership qualities. This is evident in the theory of Leadership treats approach, which focuses on the traits of individuals, identifying the characteristics such as self-confidence, problem solving, organizational skills (Hard, 2005). Some researchers conceptualize leadership as a treat or as behavior whereas others view the leadership from an information processing perspective. In my view, I support contemporary styles of leadership that include Transformational leaders, Transactional leadership, Charismatic leadership, Gender specif ic leadership, authentic leadership (lecture A2), Distributed leadership, Transformational leaders articulate a vision, use lateral thinking, and inspire their colleagues to achieve at a high level for the organization. In transformational leadership, I am able to improve workers' conditions, develop teams, and have shared decision-making. My success is very much dependent upon the workers' perception of the leader's ability. Visionary leaders adopt a new vision; their goal is to move people towards a new vision. According to Macbeath (2004) (as stated by Hard, 2005), charismatic leader is closely associated with the bid leader image and has qualities that are larger than life and they inspire their colleagues to follow them. Gender specific leadership is based on the assumption that men make the best or most natural leaders. This dominant discourse has prevented women from being the producers or subjects of knowledge (as cited by Hard (Tnaton 1994) 2005). Ebbec (2003) says that the re is an agreement among these contemporary authors that the leadership grows through interaction with people and the relations that grow between leaders and the others are vital in sustaining leadership. The traditional view has changed a lot among the contemporary authors but some traits of it still in use these days. Authentic leaders are self-aware. They are not afraid to show their real selves to their followers. Their behavior does not vary whether they are in the public sector or in private. They are not afraid to make mistakes or look wrong. The conceptual models of distributed leadership primarily developed by Wariganayaanayke (2000, cited by Ebbeck and Wariganayake,

Principles of nonprofit leadership Research Paper

Principles of nonprofit leadership - Research Paper Example sults the first and foremost thing which is required by organizations is effective leadership of a nature that aspires to achieve these results in the best possible way (Principles and Practices for Nonprofit Management Excellence). Most of the nonprofit organizations believe that money is the only resource that can help an organization to achieve its desired objectives. Keeping this in view, many of the experts have argued that not only money but the leadership plays an important role. They argued that effective leadership is the only tool that helps an organization to achieve its intended objectives (A Guide for Board Members, Managers and Staff). The organization work towards achieving those goals and money only enables them to deliver results that are expected of them. In today’s era the two important resources for any organization are financial resources and human capital (Tierney). The set back or down turn in financial resources is impossible to avoid and difficult to overcome, but shortcomings in human capital can be very awkward for an organization and cannot be calibrated easily. Keeping in view above mentioned issues, the need for the nonprofit organizations is to have an effective leadership that goes all the way towards achieving intended and desired results. This paper will probe into the challenges that any nonprofit organization is expected to face while developing effective leadership (Hill, 135). It will further shed light on benefits derived by developing effective leadership along with advantages and disadvantages. It will provide an insight of the principles of nonprofit leadership. Thus, this paper is expected to make a valuable contribution in the existing stock of knowledge. It has become quite difficult for nonprofit organizations to manage in today’s tough economy. According to (Hill, 12) Following are few challenges that nonprofit organizations are facing while in the phase of developing effective leadership. With increased

Microbursts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microbursts - Research Paper Example Microbursts can cause production of high speed winds (about 100 mph or more), which last for about 5 to 20 minutes and have proven to be both damaging and destructive, especially to the airplanes. The microbursts are formed when falling rain drops mix with dry air and are evaporated, cooling the air above it as a consequence. As per theory, when air is cooled it sinks. Rapid cooling of air causes it to accelerate towards the ground and spread out and cause the diverging of wind patterns. Heavy rain and snow are also a source of microburst formation. Two types of microbursts are found: dry microburst and wet microbursts. The main difference between them is that the dry ones are formed by virga while the wet ones are formed by wet precipitation. (Caracena, 1990) To comprehend the concept of dry microburst, an understanding of what vigra is important. Basically, virga is that part of rain or snow that falls from the cloud but is evaporated before it reaches the ground. (Glickman, 2000) the evaporated vapor then carries out by the whole process described above. The most significant source of dry microburst are thunderstorms, which produce small amount of surface rainfall and hence, large amounts of vigra. On the other hand, wet microbursts majorly involve heavy rainfalls or snowfalls occurring at warm surfaces. (Fujita, 1985) The difference in the temperatures of the precipitation and the surface causes air currents to accelerate downwards and thus form the wet microbursts. In this case, important source is hail. Dry microbursts occur without precipitation, they are harder to predict or foresee and thus, are a far more potential threat to aircrafts than the wet. The large magnitude and unexpected nature of a microburst has resulted in a number of air crashes throughout history, more of which have occurred while landing. We read earlier that microbursts tend to spread out in all directions once they hit the ground. During landing, a plane is flying at a low

Leadership in Early Childhood Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership in Early Childhood Education - Essay Example In addition, there are different views about incorporating personal philosophy ECEC settings. This essay therefore examines the definition of leadership and how my philosophy reflects my understanding of leadership. There are different definitions about leadership in general and there is no widely accepted definition of leadership, no shared agreement on how best to improve leadership and leaders. The definitions mostly revolve around individual traits, influence over others, role relationships, situational characteristics and the notion of the follower, meeting people’s needs, mobilizing power, negotiating agreements and becoming political. (Lecture A1PP). Traditionally, the leadership viewed worker as a person who was part of the working masses. Historical definitions have changed a lot and new contemporary definitions emerged through many authors’ works. However, highly gendered traditional models of leadership have been seen as natural to leadership (Hard 2005). How ever, research indicates that women are rated as more effective leaders and that many women have developed a leadership style that involves promoting interactions with colleagues, encouraging employee participation, and sharing information and power (Hard 2005). I concur with the view that express leadership in terms of formality and informality (Hard 2005). The formal leader is the one who is appointed the informal leader is the one who demonstrates leadership qualities. This is evident in the theory of Leadership treats approach, which focuses on the traits of individuals, identifying the characteristics such as self-confidence, problem solving, organizational skills (Hard, 2005). Some researchers conceptualize leadership as a treat or as behavior whereas others view the leadership from an information processing perspective. In my view, I support contemporary styles of leadership that include Transformational leaders, Transactional leadership, Charismatic leadership, Gender specif ic leadership, authentic leadership (lecture A2), Distributed leadership, Transformational leaders articulate a vision, use lateral thinking, and inspire their colleagues to achieve at a high level for the organization. In transformational leadership, I am able to improve workers' conditions, develop teams, and have shared decision-making. My success is very much dependent upon the workers' perception of the leader's ability. Visionary leaders adopt a new vision; their goal is to move people towards a new vision. According to Macbeath (2004) (as stated by Hard, 2005), charismatic leader is closely associated with the bid leader image and has qualities that are larger than life and they inspire their colleagues to follow them. Gender specific leadership is based on the assumption that men make the best or most natural leaders. This dominant discourse has prevented women from being the producers or subjects of knowledge (as cited by Hard (Tnaton 1994) 2005). Ebbec (2003) says that the re is an agreement among these contemporary authors that the leadership grows through interaction with people and the relations that grow between leaders and the others are vital in sustaining leadership. The traditional view has changed a lot among the contemporary authors but some traits of it still in use these days. Authentic leaders are self-aware. They are not afraid to show their real selves to their followers. Their behavior does not vary whether they are in the public sector or in private. They are not afraid to make mistakes or look wrong. The conceptual models of distributed leadership primarily developed by Wariganayaanayke (2000, cited by Ebbeck and Wariganayake,

Microbursts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microbursts - Research Paper Example Microbursts can cause production of high speed winds (about 100 mph or more), which last for about 5 to 20 minutes and have proven to be both damaging and destructive, especially to the airplanes. The microbursts are formed when falling rain drops mix with dry air and are evaporated, cooling the air above it as a consequence. As per theory, when air is cooled it sinks. Rapid cooling of air causes it to accelerate towards the ground and spread out and cause the diverging of wind patterns. Heavy rain and snow are also a source of microburst formation. Two types of microbursts are found: dry microburst and wet microbursts. The main difference between them is that the dry ones are formed by virga while the wet ones are formed by wet precipitation. (Caracena, 1990) To comprehend the concept of dry microburst, an understanding of what vigra is important. Basically, virga is that part of rain or snow that falls from the cloud but is evaporated before it reaches the ground. (Glickman, 2000) the evaporated vapor then carries out by the whole process described above. The most significant source of dry microburst are thunderstorms, which produce small amount of surface rainfall and hence, large amounts of vigra. On the other hand, wet microbursts majorly involve heavy rainfalls or snowfalls occurring at warm surfaces. (Fujita, 1985) The difference in the temperatures of the precipitation and the surface causes air currents to accelerate downwards and thus form the wet microbursts. In this case, important source is hail. Dry microbursts occur without precipitation, they are harder to predict or foresee and thus, are a far more potential threat to aircrafts than the wet. The large magnitude and unexpected nature of a microburst has resulted in a number of air crashes throughout history, more of which have occurred while landing. We read earlier that microbursts tend to spread out in all directions once they hit the ground. During landing, a plane is flying at a low

Shakespeare Coursework Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare Coursework Essay Task: Give an account of the methods, which Shakespeare uses to reveal Richards character to us and to shape our attitudes towards him. You should also refer to Shakespeares manipulation of history and the way in which he sets out to present Richard III in a particular way. Richard the third was king during the 15th century and happened to be one of the best kings England had, and did, as kings go, a good job of running the country. Shakespeare however makes him out to be an evil manipulative person who does anything and everything to gain power. Also Shakespeare meddles about with time and the order in which things really happen, with the basic concept of making Richard seem even more scheming and seductive. Why should such a brilliant playwright want to lie about a good and decent king such as Richard the third? As soon as you start this play, Shakespeare is already hammering the image of Richard as a disgusting and rotten toad who is so evil and horrible that such quotations as used as a description for him. That dogs bark at me as I halt by them Another thing that happens is that Shakespeare, instead of setting the scene and keeping it calm in the first act, already is getting the plot introduced and thickened. Within the first 10 pages of the Oxford edition it already has Richard killing someone by methods, which involve others doing the dirty work for his own benefit. Simple plain Clarence, I do love thee so That I will shortly send your soul to heaven. This is Shakespeare telling you that Richard is a character which has no conscience, as he can say this one line so happily and knowing that by saying it Clarence is as well as dead. This is a good example of Shakespeare using irony in its full potential in this play. In the second scene of Act 1 Richard is seducing Lady Anne even though he has just recently killed her husband and does so with the corpse next to them. This is again Shakespeare making Richard seem heartless and a man who bears no conscience. Your bedchamber In this quotation Richard is saying where hed like to stay and this is a clear line, which is telling the reader he is trying to get Lady Anne to marry him. With this quotation and scene of the seducing of Lady Anne, Shakespeare is revealing another part of Richardss character. He is showing us that this foul toad Richard can be charming and quite a ladies man when he wants to be. By doing this however he also implies that the character of Richard will be a very manipulative one, as he turns emotions and styles of behavior on and off as it is needed, it is not very often that he is sincere about the way he feels. When Shakespeare wrote this play he made some peculiar changes to its chronological order, he moved things forward and backwards through time to suit his play. I suppose in this way Shakespeare has something in common with Richard, they both are very fond of using manipulation to makes things go their way. The method, which Shakespeare uses, is called the manipulation of history and the reason he does so is to make the image of Richard in the audiences head seem even worse and more evil still. What actually happened was that Richard married Lady Anne 6 years after her husbands death. However, in Shakespeares version of events is that the coffin is still present and fresh when Richard seduces and goes on to marry in way under 6 years. You see that Shakespeare hasnt even finished the first act yet but still there is an awful lot to take in, in terms of plot, and you can see the basic structure Richard is cunningly using to get into power. We know that Richard does become king and does get killed at the end, but that isnt what makes this play what it is, it is the way the character of Richard is gradually revealed to us in different forms, whether it be a murderer, a joker, a charmer or his majesty himself. As Richard moves on he discovers (to his pleasure) that the king is very ill and will undoubtedly die soon from natural causes. You see that Richard isnt at all bothered by the fact that a man is going to die, but is more bothered about how to become king after he is gone. Act 3 scene 1 is an important scene in this play when looking at Richardss character and shapes another side of Richard into your mind. This time it is the joker that he is playing. All the while though, when Richard puts on these fake moods and behaviors he always has on thing on his mind, and that is self-gain. Shakespeare seems to make him out as a greedy character as we see later on when he is finally crowned. In this scene he talks with the young princes and is where he is joking with them. He has been made Lord protector of them and is a good example of irony as he is the one responsible for their death.

Cocaine Abuse Detection with Double Confirmation Technique

Cocaine Abuse Detection with Double Confirmation Technique Introduction Throughout history, natural and synthetic drugs have been used for many uses. The first drugs were based on natural sources [1] and it is common practice to isolate a drug from its natural sources before synthesis. Usage of these drugs is regulated by governmental organizations, in the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Organization achieves this goal, and any use that is not approved is commonly frowned upon. The deviation of the use of drugs from their approved medical practice is termed drug abuse. The practice of drug abuse is as old as drugs itself. Drugs that alter mood have always existed and the approved usage is partially constructed by society. For example, alcohol use is normal, and sometimes excessively celebrated, in western culture but is prohibited in some religious cultures. While there are several other drugs that are abused daily, this review will be mainly focused on cocaine and its abuse [2]. Originally derived from the coca plant, the history of cocaine use can be detailed as far back as 600 AD. It was common practice for Peruvian Indians to digest the leaves for its euphoric effects. In the 1880s, it was first isolated to use in anesthetic agents due to its abilities as a vasoconstrictor. By 1885, coca could be found in various products such as cigarettes and Coca Cola. Other soft drinks and alcoholic beverages also contained cocaine at the time. However, once news surfaced of cocaine addiction, the perspectives regarding cocaine began to shift. Laws were enacted against cocaine use and by the 1950s, the earlier cocaine abuse was forgotten. However, the more potent version of cocaine, crack, became popular in the 80s and a rise of cocaine abuse followed. It was popular to administer the alkaloid via inhalation or intravenous injections. It was also placed under the tongue (oral sublingual), rubbed on the skin, or inserted into the vagina/anus [2]. Due to its rampant usa ge, it became evident that a method to test for cocaine presence in the human body was necessary to curb its abuse. The purpose of general drug testing is to identify and detect the drug in question, and in turn, deter its usage. An unlimited amount of drugs can be detected in drugs and the sample can be re-tested several times. The analytical techniques utilized in drug testing are separated into two classes: assays based on molecule recognition and separation techniques such as gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The art of drug testing combines different analytical techniques into a two-tier system where the first step is a quick screening followed by a confirmation step to confirm the results. While the quick on-site screening reduces costs and errors from delays between sampling and analysis, the possibility of false results is lowered with a confirmation step [3]. The biological specimen normally used in these tests is blood and urine; each with its benefits and downfalls. The use of urine as a biological speci men is the cheapest option and as a result, it is most commonly used. However, it is difficult to handle and it is easy to cheat the testing system since people are not watched when the sample is collected. The use of blood offered the advantage of monitoring the patient while the sample is collected. However, blood is also difficult to handle and store and isolating the sample from blood complicates drug testing [4]. As a result, other biological specimens such as hair, sweat, and nasal mucus have been researched as alternatives. In the case of cocaine, this article shows that mucus can be used as an alternative specimen to test for cocaine presence. A two-tier system was developed that utilizes ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and infrared spectroscopy(IR) to test for cocaine in mucus was developed and refined. Mucus was the specimen of interest because it is a non-invasive collection process and unlike blood and urine, the parent compound is present. IMS is a technique with high sensitivity so it will be able to identify positive samples and IR possesses high selectivity so it will be able to confirm these positive results. As a result, IMS is used to detect if the sample is present and IR is used to confirm the original result. Methods and Results Twelve seized cocaine samples with concentrations varying from 25-80% w/w were utilized in conjunction with mucus specimen collected from cocaine users. These users were male from 25 years old to 40 years old. Cocaine-free mucus was obtained from males and females from 25 40 years old. Note that the seized cocaine samples were utilized to develop the method and the collected samples were used to test the method. A liquid chromatography procedure was utilized as the reference procedure. A LC Dionex P680 system was utilized and an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer was used as the mobile phase. For the IMS procedure, an IONSCAN-LS system was used to analyze the samples. Nicotinamide acted as an internal calibrant in order to collect a plasmagram for the sample being tested. A Teflon membrane was used to insert the sample into the machine and to prevent any systematic errors, a blank Teflon membrane was inserted in the machine beforehand. For the IR procedure, a Tensor 27 FT-IR spectrometer was used to obtain the spectra and this was analyzed using the OPUS program. The transmission cell utilized to insert the sample had an open upper side in order to strengthen sensitivity. As a result, a normal cell with 2 mm windows now had Teflon spacers that were 0.5mm thick [3]. The IMS results comparing cocaine containing samples to non-cocaine samples are shown in figure 1a. The highest peak is from the internal calibrant with a K0 of 1.860 cm2 V-1sec-1 . Despite needing a mass spectrometer to assign the peaks, it can be hypothesized that the main peak present in the cocaine seized samples that is absent in non-cocaine users can be attributed to cocaine. Cocaine presents a peak at 15.07 ms drift time with a reduced mobility of 1.16 cm2 V-1sec-1 which matches the literature values. As a result, the characteristics of this peak were used to formulate a criterion that determines the presence of cocaine. Within each plasmagram in question, one must look for the K0 value, a variability value of 50  µg of the peak drift time, a peak amplitude of 1.5, a threshold value of 20, and a full width value at the 1/2maximul amplitude of the peak of 200  µs. Once the IMS results were formulated, two seized samples that tested positive underwent an IR procedu re. The resulting spectra presented a plethora of absorption bands but three are of interest: the stretching of the carbonyl group causes a band at 1726 cm-1; the mono-substituted benzene stretches and causes a band at 1017 cm-1; and out-of-plane bending vibrations cause a band at 965 cm-1. Therefore, a criterion must also be formulated to determine the presence of cocaine. Within an IR spectrum, one should look for peaks within three regions: 1786 to 1701 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, from 1363 to 1257 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, and 1166 to 950 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 [3]. In order to determine the most effective means in collecting mucus, an artificial sniffer to replicate the nose was developed and two different types of swabs were tested. In these studies, a benzocaine, lidocaine, and lactose mixture was utilized. 50 mg of the mixture was sniffed with the artificial sniffer and different swabs were used to collect the samples. The procedure was repeated thrice in order to determine recovery efficiency. The two swabs tested were a double cotton tipped polystyrene stick and single cotton tipped wood stick. Looking at figure 1b and 1c, it is evident that the double cotton tipped polystyrene stick is better for powdered compounds mixed in with mucus so this stick is recommended for mucus collection [3]. If one is to develop a technique to detect and identify an analyte, thresholds must be determined for these assays. By using successive dilutions of a cocaine standard of 1000 mg/L, the limit of detection (LOD) of the IMS technique was determined to be 15 pg. This means that if cocaine is present at any lower amounts, the IMS technique cannot be used to generate a true positive value. The limit of concentration (LOC) was used to determine the threshold for the IR technique. This value was determined to be 100  µg and if any sample is tested to be below this concentration, it cannot be confirmed to be cocaine[3]. Another factor that must be considered is the time delay between administration of drug and drug testing. As a result, the IMS+IR method was performed on these samples with varying times from 15 minutes up until 120 mins, and then after 24 hours. In figure 2c, cocaine was still identifiable up until 120 mins and even after 24 hours, traces were still detectable via the IMS technique [3]. In order for this new method to be viable, the possibility of interference from other compounds must be ruled out. In street cocaine, the product is cut in order to maximize profit. In other words, other anesthetics are mixed in to reduce the amount of cocaine needed to make a profit. In order to show that these common cutting agents do not interfere with the method, these compounds were analyzed by IMS and IR. Evident in figure 3, almost all cutting agents do not overlap with the distinct cocaine peak except for tetracine that has a peak at 15.25 ms with a K0 of 1.151 cm2 V-1sec-1, oxymetazoline at 14.90 ms with a K0 of 1.165 cm2 V-1sec-1, and xylometazoline at 14.77 ms with a K0 of 1.168 cm2 V-1sec-1. These three were analyzed by IR and their spectra (Figure 3) can be distinguished from cocaines spectra. The correlation coefficents were calculated to be less than 90% so the probability of false positives is close to zero. The worry that competitive ionization would also create false positives was also quenched by evaluating different mixtures of cocaine and cutting agents and in most cases, cocaine was detected. The use of other compounds such as a xylomethazoline-containing nasal spray and a topical ointment were tested using the double confirmation method. The only exception is the 1:5 and 1:10 ratio of tetracaine and cocaine. It seems like when cocaine is diluted, the cutting agent causes a shift in cocaines peak in the IMS plasmagram. However, the IR spectra can confirm the presence of this sample. Throughout this process, only one false positive showed up, the 1:10 ratio of lidocaine and cocaine due it the correlatio n coefficient being less than 90% [3]. Now that the method has been fully developed, it was tested using the cocaine samples collected from individuals. 35 samples were collected, nine samples were from individuals who did not use cocaine and the rest used. It is a bit difficult to quantify the amount of cocaine in the mucus due to the matrix but the purpose of the method to detect and identify the analyte. The samples also underwent a liquid chromatography procedure as a reference for the data. As evident in figure 4, the number of false positives is zero using the double confirmation technique. Even when the nose was cleaned with saline before sample collection, the method was still able to detect and identify the analyte afterwards [3]. Discussion This double confirmation technique has been proven to be a successful method for cocaine abuse. The thresholds for each step has been determined and it is recommended that a double cotton tipped polystyrene stick should be used for extractions. The laboratory equipment used can be found in smaller sizes, in order to use outside of lab. As mentioned earlier, some advantages with this technique include easier specimen collection, high selectivity and sensitivity, low risk of interference, and its ability to generate a true positive response up to two hours of exposure [3]. Other techniques with similar advantages are currently being developed as well. Scientists in Europe have developed a surface mass spectrometry technique that detects cocaine from fingerprints [5]. Researchers have suggested sweat patch testing as an alternative to urinalysis for cocaine abuse [6]. However, the possibility of cheating this new method via nasal irrigation and neti pots raises some questions about its application. In other words, if someone has the ability to flush out the main analyte from their nose, in what cases should this technique be utilized? Is it viable for drug testing for employers since people can just flush out their nose in succession a few days before the test? Is this technique more viable in a forensic sense? These are questions that need further research. References (Note:re-format for all of them to have the same format and re-order alphabetically) [1] Goodman Gilmans: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e Eds. Laurence L. Brunton, et al. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, , http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/content.aspx?bookid=1613sectionid=102124003. [2] Das, Gopal. Cocaine abuse in North America: a milestone in history. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33.4 (1993): 296-310. [3] Noninvasive Double Confirmation of Cocaine Abuse Sergio Armenta, Miguel de la Guardia, Manel Alcalà  , and Marcelo Blanco. Analytical Chemistry. 2013. 85. (23), 11382-11390 [4] Klaassen, Curtis D., and Mary O. Amdur, eds. Casarett and Doulls toxicology: the basic science of poisons. Vol. 8. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. [5] Bailey, Melanie J., et al. Rapid detection of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and methylecgonine in fingerprints using surface mass spectrometry. Analyst 140.18 (2015): 6254-6259. [6] Liberty, Hilary James, Bruce D. Johnson, and Neil Fortner. Detecting Cocaine Use Through Sweat Testing: Multilevel Modeling of Sweat Patch Length-of-Wear Data. Journal of analytical toxicology 28.8 (2004): 667-673. Print.